COMMENTS:
Apply to soil in 10 gal/acre or more before planting and incorporate
mechanically 2.5 inches deep. Use untreated soil to fill in around tree roots.
B.
TRIFLURALIN
0.5–1 lb a.i.
(Treflan)
12
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS:
Broadcast preplant in 5 to 40 gallons of water per acre. Trifluralin must be
incorporated immediately after application to avoid loss of activity. Plant
tree roots below treated soil. Do not place treated soil near roots during
planting. Controls many annuals and is helpful in suppressing perennial weeds. Residual period: 2 to 12 months.
Postemergence
(after weeds emerge)
A.
CLOVE OIL
(Matran II)#
5–8% dilution
0
0
(BurnOut
II Concentrate)
3:1–2:1 mixing ratio (Water:BurnOut)
0
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: Unknown. Botanical herbicide.
COMMENTS:
Apply to actively growing weeds. Thorough coverage is important. Use 50 gal/acre
spray volume. The addition of an organically approved adjuvant improves coverage and weed control.
B.
D-LIMONENE#
(Avenger)
8% a.i. broadcast
4
up to first fruit set
11% a.i. spot treatment
4
7
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: Unknown. Botanical herbicide.
COMMENTS:
Do not exceed 8.5 gal of Avenger/acre per application. Thorough coverage is
important. Use a minimum of 60 gal/acre spray volume. The addition of an organically approved adjuvant improves coverage and weed control.
C.
GLYPHOSATE
1–4 lb a.i.
(Roundup UltraMax)
4
17
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 9
COMMENTS:
Apply with a shielded controlled applicator or with low-pressure flat fan
nozzles. For annual weed control, use 1 lb/acre in 3 to 10 gal water.
Ammonium sulfate can also be added (1 to 2% by weight or 8.5 to 17 lbs per
100 gallon of water) to the spray solution to significantly improve control
in areas with hard water. It is important to add the ammonium sulfate to the
water before adding the herbicide. Apply to young annuals or vigorously
growing perennials in flowering stage. Some perennials require the high label
rate for control. May be used on young weeds in the planting row followed by
planting into the dead weeds. As a result of the no-till effect, new weeds
usually do not establish for a month or more. Do not use more than 10.6 lb per year.
NEWLY
PLANTED ORCHARDS (non-bearing trees)
Preemergence
A.
FLUMIOXAZIN
0.188–0.376 lb a.i.
(Chateau SW)
12
60
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 14
COMMENTS:
Apply in 10 or more gal water/acre to soil under trees when completely
dormant. Do not apply on newly planted trees unless soil is firm and there
are no cracks in soil around base of trees. Best control is achieved when
irrigation or rainfall occurs within 21 days. Can be mixed with other pre- or
postemergence herbicides. It will not provide adequate control of emerged
weeds, unless mixed with a postemergence herbicide. For
tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Residual period: 3 to 6 months.
B.
INDAZIFLAM
0.0652–0.0848 lb a.i.
(Alion)
12
14
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 29
COMMENTS: For use in orchards established for at
least 3 years. Apply in 20 to 40 gal water/acre to soil under trees when
completely dormant. Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall
occurs within 21 days. Controls a wide variety of annual broadleaves and
annual grasses. Control may be reduced
if weed seedlings have germinated and are about to emerge at time of
treatment. Can be mixed with other pre- or postemergence herbicides. For tank
mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Residual period:
at least 5 months.
C.
ISOXABEN
0.5–0.9975 lb a.i.
(Trellis)
12
365
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 21
COMMENTS:
For use in non-bearing orchards only. Wait until soil has settled around
newly planted trees before applying. Controls broadleaf weeds only before
they have germinated; will not control emerged weeds. If weeds are emerged,
lightly cultivate or add a postemergence herbicide. Requires incorporation
for activation, either by light cultivation (1–2 inches) or rainfall (minimum
of 0.5 inches) within 21 days after application. Sprinkler or flood
irrigation can also be used for incorporation. Apply in at least 10 gal/acre of water.
D.
ORYZALIN
2–6 lb a.i.
(Surflan, Oryzalin 4 A.S. etc.)
24
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS:
Preemergence selective herbicide for annual grasses. Apply to the soil
surface in 20 to 40 gal water/acre. If rain does not occur within 21 days,
sprinkle irrigate with 0.5 to 2 inches of water. May be combined with a postemergence
herbicide if weeds are present. For tank mixes, observe all directions
for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and
precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing
products that contain the same a.i. Most
effect on annual grasses and numerous broadleaf annuals. Very safe for young
or newly planted trees and on sandy or sandy loam soils. Used to maintain
control in strips down the row. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Residual period: 4 to 10 months.
E.
PENDIMETHALIN
2–3.9 lb a.i. (Prowl 3.3 EC)
2–3.8 lb a.i. (Prowl H20)
(Prowl
3.3EC)
24
365
(Prowl H2O)
24
60
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS:
Prowl 3.3 EC is for use on dormant non-bearing trees only, while Prowl H20 can be used on dormant
bearing or non-bearing plantings. Apply in 10 or more gal water/acre to soil
under trees. Do not apply on newly planted trees unless soil is firm and
there are no cracks in soil around base of trees. Where the 3.3 EC
formulation is used, best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall
occurs within 7 days. Prowl H20 can remain on the soil
surface for up to 21 days before rainfall is required to activate it. Will not control emerged weeds. Residual period: 4 to 10 months
F.
RIMSULFURON
0.03 lb a.i.
(Matrix SG)
4
14
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 2
COMMENTS:
For use in orchards established at least 1 year. Apply in 20 to 40 gal
water/acre to soil under trees. Controls a variety of annual broadleaves and
grasses. Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall occurs within 2
weeks after application. When band applications are made, treating 50% or
less of an orchard, a second application can be made. Will suppress emerged weeds, including nutsedge. Residual period: 4 to 10 months.
G.
TRIFLURALIN
1–2 lb a.i.
(Treflan)
12
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS:
Preemergence selective herbicide for annual grasses. Apply prebloom by ground
as a directed spray and mechanically incorporate, taking care not to injure
the trees with the incorporation. Must be incorporated immediately after
application to avoid loss of activity. Used on new plantings or established
orchards as a strip treatment. Suppresses bermudagrass, johnsongrass, and
dallisgrass rhizomes. Only one application per year. Residual period: 2 to 12 months.
Postemergence
A.
CARFENTRAZONE
0.008–0.031 lb a.i.
(Shark EW)
12
3
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 14
COMMENTS:
A postemergence, contact herbicide used for quick top kill of many broadleaf
weed species. Can be applied anytime during the season, but if fruit are
present, it should either be avoided or applied with extreme care to avoid
drift. It can also be used for sucker control. Apply in a minimum of 20 gal
water/acre to weeds less than 6 inches tall. Repeat treatments as new growth
occurs, but they must be at least 14 days apart. Do not use more than 0.124
lb a.i./acre per season. Use 0.25% volume per volume nonionic surfactant,
1.0% volume per volume of a crop oil concentrate, or a silicone or methylated seed oil (MSO) surfactant.
B.
CLETHODIM
0.095–0.125 lb a.i.
(SelectMax)
24
365
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 1
COMMENTS:
For use on non-bearing trees only. Apply to young perennial grasses. Repeat
applications will be required for the control of perennial grasses. Apply in
5 to 40 gal water/acre. Add 0.25% volume per volume nonionic surfactant to
the spray solution. Spray pressure should be between 30 and 60 psi, with
higher pressures used when weed density is high. Do not apply a broadleaf
herbicide within one day following application or reduced grass control may occur. Residual period: less than one month.
C.
CLOVE OIL
(Matran II)#
5–8 % dilution
0
0
(BurnOut
II Concentrate)
3:1–2:1 mixing ratio (Water:BurnOut)
0
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: Unknown. Botanical herbicide.
COMMENTS:
Apply to actively growing weeds. Thorough coverage is important. Use a
minimum of 60 gal/acre spray volume. The addition of an organically approved adjuvant improves coverage and weed control.
D.
D-LIMONENE#
(Avenger)
8 % a.i. broadcast
4
up to first fruit set
11 % a.i. spot treatment
4
7
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: Unknown. Botanical herbicide.
COMMENTS:
Do not exceed 8.5 gal of Avenger /acre per application. Thorough coverage is
important. Use a minimum of 60 gal/acre spray volume. The addition of an organically approved adjuvant improves coverage and weed control.
E.
PYRAFLUFEN ETHYL
0.0013–0.0053 lb a.i.
(Venue)
12
Prebloom
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION GROUP NUMBER: 14
COMMENTS:
Must be tank mixed with another foliar active broadleaf herbicide for
complete control of most broadleaf weeds. For best results, use for control
of annual or perennial herbaceous broadleaf weeds less than 4 inches in
height or rosettes less than 3 inches in diameter. Use the higher rates and
spray volumes for control of larger weeds; control may be reduced with weeds larger than 4 inches.
F.
SETHOXYDIM
0.19–0.47 lb a.i.
(Poast)
12
25
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 1
COMMENTS:
Apply to young perennial grasses in non-bearing orchards only. Repeat
applications will be required for the control of perennial grasses. Add 2
pt/acre of a nonphytotoxic crop oil concentrate to the spray solution.
Residual period: less than one month.
ESTABLISHED
ORCHARDS
Preemergence
A.
FLUMIOXAZIN
0.188–0.376
lb a.i.
(Chateau SW)
12
60
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14
COMMENTS: Apply in 10 or more gal water/acre to
soil under trees when completely dormant. Do not apply on newly planted trees
unless soil is firm and there are no cracks in soil around base of trees.
Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall occurs within 21 days.
Can be mixed with other pre- or postemergence herbicides. It will not provide
adequate control of emerged weeds, unless mixed with a postemergence
herbicide. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and
employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum
a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i.
Residual period: 3 to 6 months.
B.
INDAZIFLAM
0.0652–0.0848 lb a.i.
(Alion)
12
14
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 29
COMMENTS: For use in orchards established for at
least 3 years. Apply in 20 to 40 gal water/acre to soil under trees when
completely dormant. Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall
occurs within 21 days. Controls a wide variety of annual broadleaves and
annual grasses. Control may be reduced
if weed seedlings have germinated and are about to emerge at time of
treatment. Can be mixed with other pre- or postemergence herbicides. For tank
mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Residual period:
at least 5 months.
C.
NORFLURAZON
1.97–3.93 lb a.i.
(Solicam DF)
12
60
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 12
COMMENTS:
Similar to oryzalin but is effective on more annual broadleaf and grass
species. It can suppress yellow nutsedge or bermudagrass when used
year-after-year. Apply to soil as a directed spray from fall to early spring
under trees established for at least 1.5 years. If no rainfall occurs within
4 weeks, incorporate with sprinkler or flood irrigation. Remove existing
weeds with cultivation or a postemergence herbicide, because it has no postemergence
activity. Avoid higher rates on sandy or gravelly soils to prevent injury to
trees. Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit
within Ground Water Protection Areas. Do not use in the Coachella Valley. Apply in 20 to 100 gal water/acre. Residual period: 6 to 12 months.
D.
ORYZALIN
2–6 lb a.i.
(Surflan, Oryzalin 4A.S. etc.)
24
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS:
Apply to the soil surface in 20 to 40 gal water/acre. If rain does not occur
within 21 days, sprinkle irrigate with 0.5 to 2 inches of water. Most effect
on annual grasses and numerous broadleaf annuals. Very safe for sandy or
sandy loam soils. Used to maintain control in strips down the row. May be
combined with a postemergence herbicide if weeds are present. For
tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. The higher rates give the
longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Residual period: 4 to 10 months.
E.
OXYFLUORFEN
0.5–2.0 lb a.i.
(Goal 2 XL, GoalTender, etc.)
24
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 14
COMMENTS:
For use on dormant trees only. Apply following harvest up to February 15
(February 1 in the Coachella Valley). Apply by ground one time per season in
40 to 100 gal water/acre on firm soil. Must not be mechanically disturbed or
poor weed control will result. Effective as a pre- and postemergence
herbicide. Effective on little mallow (cheeseweed). Useful combined with
other postemergence herbicides, such as glyphosate, or in combination with preemergence
herbicides, such as oryzalin or thiazopyr. Both formulations have similar
effectiveness when used preemergence and at comparable rates. For
tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Check label for use period. Residual period: 4 to 10 months.
F.
PRONAMIDE*
1–4 lb a.i.
(Kerb)
24
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS:
Do not apply to trees less than 1 year old. Selective herbicide for control
of winter annual and perennial grasses. Apply in fall after fruit harvest.
Apply in 40 to 50 gal water/acre to the soil at the base of the trees. Must
be applied before weed emergence because it will not control emerged weeds.
Rainfall or irrigation is essential after application for effective weed control. Residual period: 4 to 8 months.
G.
RIMSULFURON
0.03 lb a.i.
(Matrix SG)
4
14
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 2
COMMENTS: For use in orchards established at least
1 year. Apply in 20 to 40 gal water/acre to soil under trees. Controls a
variety of annual broadleaves and grasses. Best control is achieved when
irrigation or rainfall occurs within 2 weeks after application. When band
applications are made, treating 50% or less of an orchard, a second
application can be made. Will suppress emerged weeds, including nutsedge. Residual period: 4 to 10 months.
H.
TRIFLURALIN
1–2 lb a.i.
(Treflan, etc.)
12
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 3
COMMENTS:
Preemergence selective herbicide for annual grasses. Apply prebloom by ground
as a directed spray and mechanically incorporate, taking care not to injure
the tree. Must be incorporated immediately after application to avoid loss of
activity. Frequently used as a strip treatment. Suppresses bermudagrass,
johnsongrass, and dalligrass rhizomes. Only one application per year. Residual period: 2 to 12 months.
Postemergence
A.
2,4–D*
0.95–1.425 lb a.i.
(Saber)
48
40
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 4
COMMENTS:
For use on established trees one year or older. Effective on most broadleaf
annual weeds. Provides partial control of field bindweed. Apply as a directed
spray to weeds, using low-pressure, flooding nozzles between the tree rows.
Best results are obtained when applied a few days after an irrigation. Do not
allow drift onto the trees or injury may result. No more than two
applications allowed during the growing season. Residual period: 4 to 6 weeks.
B.
CARFENTRAZONE
0.008–0.031 lb a.i.
(Shark EW)
12
3
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 14
COMMENTS:
A postemergence, contact herbicide used for quick top kill of many broadleaf
weed species. Can be applied anytime during the season, but if fruit are
present, it should either be avoided or applied with extreme care to avoid
drift. It can also be used for sucker control. Apply in a minimum of 20 gal
water/acre to weeds less than 6 inches tall. Repeat treatments as new growth
occurs, but they must be at least 14 days apart. Do not use more than 0.124
lb a.i./acre per season. Use 0.25% volume per volume nonionic surfactant,
1.0% volume per volume of a crop oil concentrate, or a silicone or methylated seed oil (MSO surfactant).
C.
CLOVE OIL
(Matran
II)#
5–8% dilution
0
0
(BurnOut
II Concentrate)
3:1–2:1 mixing ratio (Water:BurnOut)
0
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: Unknown. Botanical herbicide.
COMMENTS:
Apply to actively growing weeds. Thorough coverage is important. Use 50 gal/acre
spray volume. The addition of an organically approved adjuvant improves coverage and weed control.
D.
D-LIMONENE#
(Avenger)
8% a.i. broadcast
4
up to first fruit set
11% a.i. spot treatment
4
7
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: Unknown. Botanical herbicide.
COMMENTS:
Do not exceed 8.5 gal of Avenger/acre per application. Thorough coverage is
important. Use a minimum of 60 gal/acre spray volume. The addition of an organically approved adjuvant improves coverage and weed control.
E.
FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL
0.125–0.188 lb a.i.
(Fusilade DX)
12
14
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 1
COMMENTS:
For control of annual and perennial grass weeds. A crop oil concentrate at
0.5 to 1% volume per volume or a nonionic surfactant at 0.25 to 0.5% volume
per volume must be added to the spray solution. In areas with hard water, it
may be necessary to acidify the water before adding the herbicide and
surfactant. Avoid contact of spray with foliage of trees. Apply in 5 to 40
gal water, with spray pressures of 30 to 60 psi. Best results are obtained
when applied within 7 days after irrigation. Do not apply to grass that is
stressed or poor control may result. Apply to johnsongrass when it is between
8 to 18 inches in height. Repeat applications may be required for johnsongrass and bermudagrass. Residual period: less than 1 month.
F.
GLYPHOSATE
1–4 lb a.i.
(Roundup UltraMax)
4
17
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 9
COMMENTS:
Apply with a shielded controlled droplet application or with low-pressure,
flat-fan nozzles. For annual weed control, use 1 lb a.i./acre in 3 to 10 gal
water. Ammonium sulfate should be added (1 to 2% by weight or 8.5 to 17 lbs
per 100 gallon of water) to the spray solution to improve control in areas
with hard water. It is important to add the ammonium sulfate to the water
before adding the herbicide. For chemical mowing, consult label for exact
timing and rates, depending on weed size and species. Apply to young annuals
or vigorously growing perennials. Some perennials require the high label rate
for control. A good herbicide for perennial weeds, but doesn't eradicate field
bindweed or nutsedge. Not effective on some broadleaf weeds at older stages
of growth (little mallow and filaree). Avoid drift onto green bark or foliage
of tree or injury will result. It is important to monitor treated areas for
escaped weeds, as glyphosate resistant weeds have been observed in orchards where glyphosate has been used repeatedly for several years.
G.
OXYFLUORFEN
0.5–2.0 lb a.i.
(Goal 2 XL GoalTender, etc.)
24
0
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 14
COMMENTS:
Dormant application to young (4-leaf-stage) weeds. GoalTender 4F has less
activity than Goal 2XL when used as a postemergence treatment, so higher
rates may need to be used with this formulation. It is effective on little
mallow (cheeseweed) and filaree. Useful when combined with glyphosate or
oryzalin. May be combined with other postemergence herbicides for specific
weeds. For
tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Apply following harvest up to
February 15 (February 1 in the Coachella Valley). Apply by ground one time
per season in 40 to 100 gal water/acre on firm soil. Must not be mechanically
disturbed or poor weed control will result. Effective as a pre-and postemergence herbicide. Residual period: 4 to 10 months.
H.
PARAQUAT*
0.625–1.0 lb a.i.
(Gramoxone Inteon)
24
28
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 22
COMMENTS:
Nonselective postemergence, contact herbicide used for quick top kill of most
weed species. Less effective against perennials that will regrow
(bermudagrass, dallisgrass, johnsongrass and field bindweed). Most effective
when used in late winter or early spring on small annual grass species in
combination with preemergence herbicides. Apply in 10 to 60 gal water/acre to
young weeds. Use 0.25% volume per volume nonionic surfactant or 1.0% volume
per volume of a crop oil concentrate. Repeat treatment as new growth occurs. Do not exceed three applications per season.
I.
PYRAFLUFEN ETHYL
0.0013–0.0053 lb a.i.
(Venue)
12
Prebloom
WSSA MODE-OF-ACTION
GROUP NUMBER1: 14
COMMENTS:
Must be tank mixed with another foliar active broadleaf herbicide for
complete control of most broadleaf weeds. For best results, use for control
of annual or perennial herbaceous broadleaf weeds less than 4 inches in
height or rosettes less than 3 inches in diameter. Use the higher rates and
spray volumes for control of larger weeds; control may be reduced with weeds
larger than 4 inches.
*
Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use.
‡
Restricted entry interval (REI) is the number of hours
(unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without
protective clothing. Preharvest interval (PHI) is the number of days from
treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
1
Group
numbers are assigned by the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) according to different
modes of action. Although weeds may exhibit multiple resistance across many
groups, mode of action numbers are useful in planning mixtures or rotations of herbicides with different modes of action.