| Common name (Trade name and formulation) |
Mode of action1 | Selectivity2 (affected groups) | Predatory mites3 | General predators4 | Parasites4 | Honey bees5 | Duration of impact to natural enemies6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abamectin (Agri-Mek EC) | 6 | moderate (mites, leafminers) | M | L | M/H | I | moderate to predatory mites & affected insects |
| acetamiprid (Assail WP) | 4A | moderate (sucking insects, larvae) | —7 | —8 | — | II | moderate |
| azadirachtin (Neemix) | un | broad (insects, mites) | M | L/M | L/M | II | short |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai | 11 | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | II | short |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki | 11 | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | III | short |
| bifenthrin (Brigade) | 3A | broad (insects, mites) | H | H | H | I | long |
| carbaryl (Sevin 4F) | 1A | broad (insects, mites) | M/H | H | H | I | long |
| carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) | 1A | broad (insects, mites) | L | H | L | I | long |
| chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) | 28 | narrow (primarily caterpillars) | — | — | — | III | — |
| chlorantraniliprole/lambda-cyhalothrin (Voliam Xpress) | 28/3A | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi) | 28/4A | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| cryolite (Kryocide) | un | narrow (foliage chewing insects) | L | L | L | III | short |
| cyantraniliprole (Exirel, Verimark) | 28 | narrow (primarily caterpillars) | — | — | — | — | — |
| cyromazine (Trigard WP) | 17 | narrow (leafminers) | L | L | L | II | short |
| dinotefuran (Venom) | 4A | narrow (sucking insects) | L | — | L | I | short |
| dimethoate (E) | 1B | broad (insects, mites) | H | H | H | I | long |
| esfenvalerate (Asana XL) | 3A | broad (insect, mites) | H | M | H | I | moderate |
| flonicamid (Beleaf) | 9C | narrow (thrips, aphids) | L | L | L | III | short |
| imidacloprid (Admire) | 4A | narrow (sucking insects) | — | L | L | I | long |
| indoxacarb (Avaunt) | 22A | narrow (caterpillars) | — | L | L | I | moderate |
| insecticidal soap (M-Pede) | — | broad (exposed insects, mites) | M | M | M | III | short |
| methomyl (Lannate SP, LV) | 1A | broad (insects, mites) | H | H | H | I | moderate |
| methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) | 18 | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | II | short |
| permethrin (Pounce WP) | 3A | broad (insects, mites) | L | H | H | I | long |
| petroleum oil | — | broad (exposed insects, mites) | L9 | L | L | II | short |
| pymetrozine (Fulfill) | 9B | narrow (aphids, whiteflies) | L | L | L | II | short |
| pyrethrin (PyGanic EC) | 3 | broad (insects) | — | M | M | I | short |
| pyriproxyfen (Knack) | 7C | narrow (aphids, whiteflies) | L | H10 | L | II | short |
| spinetoram (Radiant) | 5 | narrow (caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, leafminers) | M | M11 | L/M | II | moderate12 |
| spinosad (Entrust, Success) | 5 | narrow (caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, leafminers) | M | M11 | L/M | II | moderate11 |
| spiromesifen (Oberon SC) | 23 | narrow (psyllid, mite, whitefly) | — | — | — | II | — |
| spirotetramat (Movento) | 23 | narrow (aphid, psyllid, whitefly) | — | — | — | II | — |
| thiamethoxam (Actara) | 4A | narrow (sucking insects) | —7 | — | M | I | moderate |
| H = high M = moderate L = low — = no information un = unknown or uncertain mode of action | |
| 1 | Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action group number more than twice per season to help prevent development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1B. Mode-of-action group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). |
| 2 | Selectivity: broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 3 | Generally, toxicities are to western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis. Where differences have been measured in toxicity of the pesticide-resistant strain versus the native strain, these are listed as pesticide-resistant strain/native strain. |
| 4 | Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific chemical depends on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 5 | Ratings are as follows: I—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering; II—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering, except when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the pesticide label and regulations; III—No bee precaution, except when required by the pesticide label or regulations. For more information about pesticide synergistic effects, see Bee Precaution Pesticide Rating. |
| 6 | Duration: short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
| 7 | May cause increase in spider mite numbers. |
| 8 | Acute toxicity low but reproductive capacity is impacted. |
| 9 | Rating depends on rate used. |
| 10 | Kills lady beetles. |
| 11 | Toxic against some natural enemies (predatory thrips, syrphid fly and lacewing larvae, beetles) when sprayed and up to 5 to 7 days after, especially for Dipteran predators such as syrphid flies). |
| 12 | Residual is moderate if solution is between pH of 7 to 8. |
Acknowledgements: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M. L. and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.