| Common name (Example trade name and formulation) |
Mode of action1 | Selectivity2 (affected groups) |
Predatory mites3 | General predators4 | Parasites4 | Honey bees5 | Duration of impact to natural enemies6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abamectin (Agri-Mek EC) | 6 | moderate (mites, leafminers) | H | L | M/H | I | long to predatory mites and affected insects |
| Bifenazate (Acramite) | un | narrow (mites) | L | L | L | II | short |
| Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) | 28 | narrow | L | L | L/M | III | short |
| Ethoprop (Mocap 15G) | 1B | narrow (soil insects) | L | L | L | II | — |
| Etoxazole (Zeal) | 10B | narrow (mites) | —7 | — | — | II | short |
| Fenpyroximate (Fujimate) | 21A | narrow (mites and some insects) | — | L | L | III | short |
| Hexythiazox (Onager EC) | 10A | narrow (mites) | M | L | L | II | short to moderate |
| Neem oil (Trilogy) | un | broad (soft-bodied insects) | L | L | L | II | short |
| Propargite (Omite) | 12C | narrow (pest mites) | M8 | L | L | III | short |
| H = high M = moderate L = low — = no information un = unknown or uncertain mode of action | |
| 1 | Rotate insecticides with a different mode-of-action group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1B; insecticides with a 1B group number should be alternated with insecticides that have a group number other than 1B. Mode-of-action group numbers for insecticides and miticides (un=unknown or uncertain mode of action) are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). |
| 2 | Selectivity: Broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 3 | Toxicities are generally to western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis. Where differences have been measured in toxicity of the pesticide-resistant strain versus the native strain, these are listed as pesticide-resistant strain/native strain. |
| 4 | Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific insecticide depends on factors including the application rate, environmental conditions, and life stage and species of parasite or predator. |
| 5 | Ratings are as follows: I—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering; II—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering, except when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the pesticide label and regulations; III—No bee precaution, except when required by the pesticide label or regulations. For more information about pesticide synergistic effects, see Bee Precaution Pesticide Ratings. |
| 6 | Duration: Short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
| 7 | Acute toxicity low, but reproductive capacity impacted. |
| 8 | Use lowest rates for best management of western predatory mite/spider mite ratio (propargite). |
Acknowledgements: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guidelines database, and from Flint, M. L. and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.