| Common name (example trade name) |
Chemical class | Activity | Mode of action (FRAC number)1 |
Resistance potential | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aureobasidium pullulans (Blossom Protect) | biological—fungus | contact | various (BM 02) | low | |
| Bacillus subtilis (Serenade Max) | biological—bacteria | contact | various (BM 02) | low | |
| Bordeaux | inorganic | contact | multi-site (M 01) | low | |
| copper9 | inorganic | contact | multi-site (M 01) | low | |
| cyprodinil (Vangard) | anilinopyrimidine | contact, slightly systemic (on some crops) | single-site (9) | high10 | |
| difenoconazole/cyprodinil (Inspire Super) | DMI2-triazole/ anilinopyrimidine |
contact, systemic | single-site/single-site (3/9) | medium | |
| dodine (Syllit) | guanidine | systemic (local) | unknown (U 12) | medium | slow resistance by limiting applications to one per season or tank mixing with another fungicide |
| fenarimol (Rubigan, Vintage) | DMI2-pyrimidine | systemic8 (local) | single-site (3) | high | |
| fosetyl-al (Aliette) | phosphonates | systemic | unknown (P07, 33) | low | |
| kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) | QoI3 | contact, systemic8 | single-site (11) | high10 | |
| lime sulfur | inorganic | contact | multi-site (M 02) | low | incompatible with most other pesticides |
| mancozeb (Dithane, Penncozeb, Manzate) | carbamate (EBDC)4 | contact | multi-site (M 03) | low | |
| oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, Fireline) | antibiotic | contact | protein synthesis (41) | high | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens (BlightBan) | biological—bacteria | contact | microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) (BM 02) | low | |
| pyraclostrobin/boscalid (Pristine) | Qol3/SDHI7 | contact, systemic8 | single-site/single site (11/7) | medium | |
| pyrimethanil (Scala) | anilinopyrimidine | contact, slightly systemic (on some crops) | single-site (9) | high10 | |
| streptomycin (Ag-Streptomycin, Agri-Mycin, Firewall) |
antibiotic | systemic | protein synthesis (25) | very high | |
| sulfur | inorganic | contact | multi-site (M 02) | low | toxic to predatory mites and parasites |
| tebuconazole (Tebuzol) | DMI2-triazole | systemic8 (local) | single-site (3) | high | |
| tebuconazole/ trifloxystrobin (Adament) |
DMI2-triazole/Qol3 | contact, systemic8 | single-site/single-site (3/11) | medium | |
| thiophanate-methyl (Topsin-M, T-Methyl, Incognito) | MBC6 | systemic (local) | single-site (1) | high10 | toxic to earthworms with repeated usage |
| trifloxystrobin (Flint) | QoI3 | contact, systemic8 | single-site (11) | high10 | |
| triflumizole (Procure) | DMI2-imidazole | systemic8 (local) | single-site (3) | high | |
| ziram | carbamate (DMDC5) | contact | multi-site (M 03) | low |
| 1 | Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of action (for more information, see www.frac.info). Fungicides with different group numbers are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of a fungicide with a mode-of-action group number associated with high resistance risk before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode-of-action group number; for other fungicides, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode-of-action group number. |
| 2 | DMI = demethylation (sterol) inhibitor |
| 3 | QoI = quinone outside inhibitor (strobilurin) |
| 4 | EBDC = ethylene bisdithiocarbamate |
| 5 | DMDC = dimethyl dithiocarbamate |
| 6 | MBC = methyl benzimidazole carbamate |
| 7 | SDHI = succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor |
| 8 | Unsure or lacking scientific evidence. This indicates general acceptance of systemic action based on performance data, but this characteristic may not have been proven experimentally using more rigorous assays (e.g., radioactively labeled compounds). |
| 9 | Fixed copper (M 01a) bactericides (e.g., Kocide, Badge, Nordox, and ChampION++) may cause phytotoxicity (russetting) when applied after full bloom. Other copper products (M 01b) with lower metallic copper equivalent (i.e., MCE) such as copper complexes (e.g., Cueva, Copper Count-N, etc.) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (e.g., CS-2005, Phyton 27AG, etc.) have been reported to be less phytotoxic with applications following bloom because of lower MCE (see specific registrant label concerning product rates and number of times each material can be applied during the growing season). |
| 10 | Resistance has been found in California for certain fungicides with a single-site mode of action. To reduce the risk of resistance development, take the mode of action into account when choosing a fungicide. At the beginning of a treatment program, use a fungicide with a multi-site mode of action; for subsequent applications rotate or mix fungicides with different mode of action FRAC numbers. Use labeled rates (preferably the upper range) of the single-site fungicides, and limit the total number of applications per season. |
| — | = No information |
Acknowledgment: Adaskaveg et al., 2025. Fungicides, Bactericides, Biocontrols, and Natural Products for Deciduous Tree Fruit and Nut, Citrus, Strawberry, and Vine Crops in California.