| Common name (Example trade name) |
Mode of action1 | Selectivity2 (affected groups) |
Predatory mites3 | General predators4 | Parasites4 | Honey bees5 | Duration of impact to natural enemies6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abamectin (Agri-Mek) | 6 | moderate (mites, leafminers) | M | L | M/H | I | moderate |
| acephate (Orthene) | 1B | broad (insects, mites) | H | H | M/H | I | moderate |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai (Xentari) | 11A | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | II | short |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (Deliver) | 11A | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | III | short |
| beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid) | 3A | broad (insects, mites10) | H | H | H | I | long |
| beta-cyfluthrin/imidacloprid (Leverage) | 3A/4A | broad (insects, mites10) | H | H | H | I | long |
| bifenazate (Acramite) | 20D | narrow (spider mites) | L | L | L | III | short |
| bifenthrin (Bifenture) | 3A | broad (insects, mites10) | H | H | H | I | long |
| bifenthrin (Capture) | 3A | broad (insects, mites10) | H | H | H | I | long |
| bifenthrin / imidacloprid (Brigadier) | 3A/4A | broad (insects, mites10) | H | H | H | I | long |
| bifenthrin / zeta-cypermethrin (Hero) | 3A/3A | broad (insects, mites10) | H | H | H | I | long |
| carbaryl (Sevin) | 1A | broad (insects, mites) | L | H | H | I | long |
| chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) | 28 | narrow (primarily caterpillars) | L | L | L/M | III | short |
| cyromazine (Trigard) | 17 | narrow (leafminers) | L | L | L | II | short |
| dimethoate (Dimethoate EC) | 1B | broad (insects, mites) | H | H | H | I | long |
| flupyradifurone (Sivanto) | 4D | narrow (aphids, leafhoppers) | — | — | — | I | — |
| hexythiazox (Onager) | 10A | narrow (mites) | M | L | L | II | short to moderate |
| imidacloprid (Admire Pro) | 4A | narrow (wireworms, aphids, leafhoppers) | — | — | H | I | short to moderate |
| indoxacarb (Steward) | 22A | narrow (caterpillars, plant bugs) | L | L | L | I | moderate |
| lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) | 3A | broad (plant bugs, beetles, caterpillars) | H | H | H | I | long |
| malathion (Fyfanon) | 1B | broad (insects, mites) | M | H | H | I | moderate |
| methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) | 18 | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | II | short |
| novaluron (Rimon) | 15 | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | — | I | short |
| propargite (Comite) | 12C | narrow (pest mites) | M7 | L | L | III | short |
| spinetoram (Radiant) | 5 | narrow (caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, scales, leafminers) | L | M8 | L/M | II | moderate9 |
| spinosad (Entrust, Success) | 5 | narrow (caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, leafminers) | L | M8 | L/M | II | short to moderate8 |
| spinosad (Seduce Bait) | 5 | narrow (cutworms) | — | — | — | II | short |
| thiamethoxam (Cruiser) | 4A | narrow (aphids, lygus bug, seedcorn maggot, wireworms) | — | — | M | I | short |
| zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Maxx ) | 3A | broad (insects, mites10) | H | M | M | I | moderate |
| H = high M = moderate L = low — = no information | |
| 1 | Rotate pesticides with a different mode-of-action group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action group number more than twice per season to help prevent development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1B; pesticides with a 1B group number should be alternated with pesticides that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode-of-action group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). |
| 2 | Selectivity: broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 3 | Generally, toxicities are to western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis. |
| 4 | Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific pesticide depends on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 5 | Ratings are as follows: I–Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering including weeds. Do not allow pesticide to contaminate water accessible to bees including puddles. II–Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering including weeds, except when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the label and regulations. Do not allow pesticide to contaminate water accessible to bees including puddles. III–No bee precaution, except when required by the label or regulations. For more information, see Bee Precaution Pesticide Ratings. |
| 6 | Duration: short means hours to days; moderate means days to two weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
| 7 | Use lowest rates for best management of western predatory mite/spider mite ratio. |
| 8 | Toxic against some natural enemies (predatory thrips, syrphid fly and lacewing larvae, beetles) when sprayed and up to 5 to 7 days after, especially for syrphid fly larvae. |
| 9 | Residual is moderate if solution is between pH of 7 to 8. |
| 10 | Selectivity is mainly to predatory mites rather than pest mite species. May cause flare-ups of pest mite species. |
Acknowledgments: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M.L. and S.H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.