| Common name | Example trade name and formulation | REI1 (hours) |
PHI1 (days) |
Mode-of-action2 | Hazards to bees3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abamectin | Agri-Mek SC | 12 | 7 | 6 | I |
| abamectin (bait) | Clinch Ant Bait | 12 | 0 | 6 | — |
| acequinocyl | Kanemite 15SC | 12 | 7 | 20B | III |
| acetamiprid | Assail 70WP, 30SG | 12 | 7 | 4A | II |
| afidopyropen | Sefina Inscalis | 12 | 0 | 9D | — |
| azadirachtin | Neemix 4.5 | 4 | 0 | un | II |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai# | various | 4 | 0 | 11A | II |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki# | various | 4 | 0 | 11A | III |
| beta-cyfluthrin | Baythroid XL | 12 | 0 | 3A | I |
| bifenazate | Acramite 50WS | 12 | 1 year | 20D | II |
| bifenthrin | Brigade WSB | 12 | 1 | 3A | I |
| buprofezin | Centaur WDG | 12 | 3 | 16 | II |
| carbaryl* | Sevin XLR Plus | 12 hours or 3 days | 5 | 1A | I |
| chlorantraniliprole | Altacor | 4 | 1 | 28 | III |
| chlorpyrifos* | Lorsban 15G | 5 days | 28 | 1B | I |
| Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 | Grandevo | 4 | 0 | — | II |
| cryolite | Prokil Cryolite 96 | 12 | 15 | 8C | III |
| cyantraniliprole (soil) | Verimark | 4 | 1 | 28 | — |
| cyantraniliprole (foliar) | Exirel | 12 | 1 | 28 | — |
| cyantraniliprole/abamectin | Minecto Pro | 12 | 7 | 28/6 | — |
| cyflumetofen | Nealta | 12 | 7 | 25 | — |
| cyfluthrin | Tombstone | 12 | 0 | 3A | I |
| diflubenzuron | Micromite 80WGS, 2L | 12 | 7 | 15 | II |
| dimethoate | Dimethoate 400 and 2.67 | 10 or 14 days | 15 | 1B | I |
| fenbutatin oxide | Vendex 50WP | 48 | 7 | 12B | III |
| fenpropathrin | Danitol 2.4EC | 24 | 1 | 3A | I |
| fenpyroximate | Fujimite SC | 12 | 3 | 21A | III |
| flonicamid | Beleaf 50SG | 12 | 0 | 29 | III |
| flupyradifurone (foliar) | Sivanto 200SL | 12 | 1 | 4D | I |
| formetanate hydrochloride | Carzol SP | 9 days4 | 30 | 1A | II |
| hexythiazox | Onager | 12 | 7 | 10A | II |
| imidacloprid (soil) | Admire Pro | 12 | 0 | 4A | I |
| imidacloprid (foliar) | Admire Pro | 12 | 0 | 4A | I |
| imidacloprid (foliar)/beta-cyfluthrin | Leverage 360 | 12 | 0 | 4A/3A | — |
| iron phosphate | Sluggo | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| malathion | Malathion 8 Flowable | 72 | 7 | 1B | I |
| metaflumizone | Altrevin Fire Ant Bait | 12 | 5 | 22B | III |
| metaldehyde | various | 12 | 0 | — | III |
| methomyl* | Lannate LV, SP | 3 days | 1 | 1A | I |
| methoxyfenozide | Intrepid 2F | 4 | 1 | 18 | II |
| micronized sulfur | various | 24 | 0 | — | III |
| naled | Dibrom 8 Emulsive | 48 | 7 | 1B | I |
| neem oil | Trilogy | 4 | 0 | — | II |
| oil | 415, 435, 440 | 4–12 | 05 | — | II |
| phosmet | Imidan 70W | 3 days | 7 | 1B | I |
| pyrethrins | PyGanic 1.4EC, 5.0EC | 12 | 0 | 3A | I |
| pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide | Pyrenone Crop Spray | 12 | 0 | 3A/— | I |
| pyridaben | Nexter | 12 | 7 | 21A | I |
| pyriproxyfen | Esteem 0.86EC | 12 | 1 | 7C | II |
| pyriproxyfen (bait) | Esteem Ant Bait | 12 | 1 | 7C | III |
| rosemary oil/peppermint oil | Ecotrol EC | 0 | 0 | — | III |
| sabadilla | Veratran D# | 12 | 0 | — | II |
| spinetoram | Delegate WG | 4 | 1 | 5 | II |
| spinosad | Success, Entrust# | 4 | 1 | 5 | II |
| spirodiclofen | Envidor 2SC | 12 | 7 | 23 | II |
| spirotetramat | Movento | 24 | 1 | 23 | II |
| sodium ferric edta | Ferroxx | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| thiamethoxam (soil) | Actara | 12 | 0 | 4A | I |
| thiamethoxam (foliar) | Platinum 75SG | 12 | 0 | 4A | I |
| thiamethoxam/abamectin | Agri-Flex | 12 | 7 | 4A/6 | — |
| thiamethoxam/chlorantraniliprole | Voliam Flexi | 12 | 1 | 4A/28 | — |
| wettable sulfur# | various | 24 | 0 | — | III |
| zeta-cypermethrin | Mustang | 12 | 1 | 3A | I |
| — | Information not available |
| * | Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. |
| # | Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. |
| NA | Not applicable; for use on nonbearing trees only. |
| 1 | Restricted entry interval (REI) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (PHI) is the number of days from treatment until the orchard can be harvested. In some cases, the REI exceeds the PHI; the longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest may take place. |
| 2 | Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1B. Mode-of-action group numbers (un = unknown or uncertain mode of action) are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). |
| 3 | Ratings are as follows: I—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering; II—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering, except when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the pesticide label and regulations; III—No bee precaution, except when required by the pesticide label or regulations. For more information about pesticide synergistic effects, see Bee Precaution Pesticide Ratings |
| 4 | Do not apply during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water. |
| 5 | Special hazards are associated with oil treatments on green lemons; check label for preharvest interval. |
Acknowledgments: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M. L. and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.