| H = high M = moderate L = low — = no information un = unknown or uncertain mode of action |
| 1 |
Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode-of-action group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). |
| 2 |
Selectivity: Broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 3 |
Generally, toxicities are to western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis. Where differences have been measured, these are listed as pesticide-resistant strain/native strain. |
| 4 |
Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific chemical depends on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 5 |
Ratings are as follows: I—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering; II—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering, except when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the pesticide label and regulations; III—No bee precaution, except when required by the pesticide label or regulations. For more information about pesticide synergistic effects, see Bee Precaution Pesticide Ratings. |
| 6 |
Duration: Short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
Acknowledgements: This
table was compiled based on research data and experience of University
of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute
to the Pest Management Guidelines database, and from Flint, M. L. and
S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural
Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control,
ANR Publication 3386.