Common name (Example trade name) | Mode of action1 | Selectivity2 (affected groups) | Predatory mites3 | General predators4 | Parasites4 | Honey bees5 | Duration of impact to natural enemies6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
abamectin (Agri-Mek) | 6 | moderate (mites, leafminers) | H | L | M/H | I | moderate to predatory mites and affected insects |
acequinocyl (Kanemite) | 20B | narrow (mites) | L | — | — | III | — |
acetamiprid (Assail) | 4A | moderate (sucking insects, larvae) | L7 | —8 | — | II | moderate |
azadirachtin (Neemix) | un | broad (insects, mites) | — | L/M | L/M | II | short |
Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki | 11A | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | III | short |
bifenazate (Acramite) | 20D | narrow (spider mites) | L | L | L | II | short |
buprofezin (Centaur) | 16 | narrow (sucking insects) | L | H8 | L | II | long |
chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) | 28 | narrow (primarily caterpillars) | L | L | L/M | III | short |
clofentezine (Apollo) | 10A | narrow (mites) | M | L | L | III | short |
clothianidin (Belay) | 4A | — | — | M/H | M/H | I | — |
Cydia pomenella granulovirus (Cyd-X) | — | narrow (codling moth) | none | none | none | III | none |
diazinon | 1B | broad (insects, mites) | M | H | H | I | moderate to long |
esfenvalerate (Asana) | 3A | broad (insect, mites) | H | M | H | I | moderate |
etoxazole (Zeal) | 10B | narrow (mites) | H8 | L | — | II | short |
fenpropathrin (Danitol) | 3A | broad (insects, mites) | H | H | H | I | — |
fenpyroximate (Fujimite) | 21A | narrow (mites and some insects) | H | L | L | III | short |
hexythiazox (Savey) | 10A | narrow (mites) | M | L | L | II | short to moderate |
imidacloprid (Admire Pro) | 4A | narrow (sucking insects) | — | — | H | I | short to moderate |
indoxacarb (Avaunt) | 22A | narrow (caterpillars) | — | L | L | I | moderate |
insecticidal soap (M-Pede) | — | broad (insects, mites) | M | M | M | III | short |
kaolin clay (Surround) | — | broad (insects, mites) | M | M | — | III | long |
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior) | 3A | broad (plant bugs, beetles, caterpillars) | H | H | H | I | moderate |
methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) | 18 | narrow (caterpillars) | L | L | L | II | short |
neem oil (Trilogy) | — | broad (soft-bodied insects) | L | L | L | II | short |
petroleum oil | — | broad (exposed insects, mites) | L9 | L | L | III | short |
phosmet (Imidan) | 1B | broad (insects, mites) | H | H | H | I | moderate to long |
pyridaben (Nexter) | 21A | broad (insect, mites) | M/H | M | — | I | short |
pyriproxyfen (Esteem, Seize) | 7C | narrow (scale, beetles) | L | H10 | L | III | long |
spinetoram (Delegate) | 5 | narrow (caterpillars, aphids, scales, leafminers) | L/M | M11 | L/M | II | moderate12 |
spinosad (Entrust, Success) | 5 | narrow (caterpillars, aphids, scales, leafminers) | M | M11 | L/M | II | short to moderate11 |
spirodiclofen (Envidor) | 23 | narrow (mites) | L | — | — | II | — |
spirotetramat (Movento) | 23 | narrow (aphids) | L | L | L | II | short |
sulfur | — | narrow (mites) | L/H | M/L | H | III | short |
H = high M = moderate L = low — = no information un = unknown or uncertain mode of action | |
1 | Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode-of-action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). |
2 | Selectivity: Broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
3 | Generally, toxicites are to western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis. Where differences have been measured in toxicity of the pesticide resistant strain versus the native strain, these are listed as pesticide-resistant strain/native strain. |
4 | Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific chemical depends on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
5 | Ratings are as follows: I—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering; II—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering, except when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the pesticide label and regulations; III—No bee precaution, except when required by the pesticide label or regulations. For more information about pesticide synergistic effects, see Bee Precaution Pesticide Ratings. |
6 | Duration: Short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
7 | May cause flare-ups of spider mite populations. |
8 | Does not kill adults but sterilizes females. |
9 | Rating depends on rate used. |
10 | Kills lady beetles. |
11 | Toxic against some natural enemies (predatory thrips, syrphid fly and lacewing larvae, beetles) when sprayed and up to 5 to 7 days after, especially for syrphid fly larvae. |
12 | Residual is moderate if solution is between pH of 7 to 8. |
Acknowledgments: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M. L. and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.