| Common name (Example trade name) | Mode of Action1 | Selectivity2 (affected groups) | Predatory mites3 | General predators4 | Parasites4 | Honey bees5 | Duration of impact to natural enemies6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| azadirachtin (Neemix) | un | broad (insects, mites) | M | L/M | L/M | II | short |
| dimethoate | 1B | broad (insects) | H | H | H | I | long |
| flonicamid (Beleaf) | 29 | narrow (sucking insects) | L | L | L | III | short |
| flupyradifurone (Sivanto) | 4D | narrow (sucking insects) | — | — | — | I | — |
| imidacloprid (Admire Pro) | 4A | narrow (sucking insects) | — | L | — | I | — |
| potassium salts of fatty acids (DES-X, M-Pede) | un | broad (insects) | — | — | — | III | — |
| pymetrozine (Fulfill) | 9B | narrow (aphids) | L | L | L | II | short |
| spirotetramat (Movento) | 23 | narrow (aphids) | L | L | L | II | short |
| H = high M = moderate L = low — = no information un = unknown or uncertain mode of action | |
| 1 | Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1B. Mode-of-action group numbers ("un" = unknown or uncertain mode of action) are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). |
| 2 | Selectivity: broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 3 | Generally, toxicities are to western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis. |
| 4 | Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific chemical depends on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 5 | Ratings are as follows: I—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering; II—Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering, except when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the pesticide label and regulations; III—No bee precaution, except when required by the pesticide label or regulations. For more information about pesticide synergistic effects, see Bee Precaution Pesticide Ratings. |
| 6 | Duration: short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
Acknowledgments: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M. L. and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.