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Life cycles of bark beetles, Scolytidae, and two of their natural enemies, clerid beetles, Enoclerus Cleridae, and snakeflies, Raphidiidae.

Illustration of three different life cycles. Cross section of tree bark is in the center with multiple galleries. Arrows lead from the cross section to 3 life cycles. The first life cycle is of a bark beetle. An adult blackish to brown oblong hard-bodied beetle is at top of cycle showing a woody tree. Arrow leads to a tiny oval egg. Arrow leads to four C-shaped legless whitish grubs with brown heads, each stage is slightly larger than the previous. Arrow leads from grubs to a pale yellow pupa. The pupa leads back to the adult. The second life cycle if of a clerid beetle. The adult is long with a checkered pattern. An arrow leads to long, slender grayish eggs. From the eggs, an arrow leads to an elongated and wormlike larva and then leading to a grayish elongated pupa. The third life cycle is of a snakefly. The adult has a long slender body with a long neck and transparent wings with prominent veins. An arrow leads to an oval gray egg and then another arrow leads to a long and flattened larva with a reddish coloration and 3 pairs of legs. An arrow leads to a pupa which resembles an adult with short wing pads. Credit: Adapted from R. Kliefoth. 1973. Western Pine Beetle: Life Cycle, Chemical Communication, and Predators. Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Southern Forest Research Institute, Jasper, TX. Snakefly pupa from R. S. Woglum and E. A. McGregor. 1959. Observations on the life history and morphology of Agulla bractea Carpenter (Neuroptera: Raphidiodea: Raphidiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 52:129-141.
Credit: Adapted from R. Kliefoth. 1973. Western Pine Beetle: Life Cycle, Chemical Communication, and Predators. Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Southern Forest Research Institute, Jasper, TX. Snakefly pupa from R. S. Woglum and E. A. McGregor. 1959. Observations on the life history and morphology of Agulla bractea Carpenter (Neuroptera: Raphidiodea: Raphidiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 52:129-141.
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