Canopy thinning and chlorosis in Victorian box, Pittosporum undulatum, and dieback of Indian hawthorn, Rhaphiolepis indica, resulting from aeration deficit caused by excess irrigation and poor drainage.

Victorian box (Pittosporum undulatum) and Indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica) in a landscape exhibiting canopy symptoms of aeration deficit caused by excess irrigation and poor drainage. Bare soil at the base of the Victorian box is where several Indian hawthorn formerly grew, but were killed by the aeration deficit. Credit: Laurence R. Costello — Canopy thinning and chlorosis in Victorian box, Pittosporum undulatum, and dieback of Indian hawthorn, Rhaphiolepis indica, resulting from aeration deficit caused by excess irrigation and poor drainage. Credit: Laurence R. Costello