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Illustration

Life cycles of bark beetles, Scolytidae, and two of their natural enemies, clerid beetles, Enoclerus Cleridae, and snakeflies, Raphidiidae.

Adapted from R. Kliefoth. 1973. Western Pine Beetle: Life Cycle, Chemical Communication, and Predators. Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Southern Forest Research Institute, Jasper, TX. Snakefly pupa from R. S. Woglum and E. A. McGregor. 1959. Observations on the life history and morphology of Agulla bractea Carpenter (Neuroptera: Raphidiodea: Raphidiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 52:129-141.

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