Life cycle of an armored scale parasite.

Life cycle of an armored scale parasite. A. Female parasites lay one or several eggs in or on each scale nymph. B. Larvae emerge from the eggs and feed as immature parasites shown here with the scale cover partly cut away. C. Parasites pupate and develop into adults. D. A roundish hole in the cover of the dead scale is chewed by an emerging adult parasite. E. The female wasp seeks scale nymphs to parasitize.

Illustration adapted from Quayle 1938. Insects of Citrus and other Subtropical Fruits. Ithaca, NY: Comstock

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