|
|
Grape
Year-Round IPM Program for Wine and Raisin Grapes
(Reviewed 7/15, updated 7/15)
These practices are recommended for a monitoring-based IPM program that reduces environmental quality problems related to pesticide use. Track your progress through the year using this form.
Each time a pesticide application is considered, review the Pesticide Application Checklist at the bottom of this form for information on how to minimize environmental quality problems. This program covers the major pests of wine and raisin grapes. Details on carrying out each practice, information on additional pests, and additional copies of this form are available from the UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Grape.
This year-round program applies only to wine and raisin grapes. For table grapes, see the TABLE GRAPE YEAR-ROUND IPM PROGRAM.
| What should you be doing at this time? |
On a warm day, monitor
vines and spurs for:
- Mealybugs
- Ants associated with mealybugs and European fruit lecanium
scale
- Orange overwintering spider mites
- Cutworm
Keep records (example monitoring form ). Treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines.
|
|
In coastal areas, check orange tortrix pheromone traps that were put up during
the dormant period. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
|
Just before budbreak, , deploy omnivorous
leafroller pheromone traps. Check traps twice weekly until a biofix date is established; thereafter,
check traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
Monitor for sharpshooters:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and landscape areas:
Change traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
Vineyard floor management before bud break:
- Control weeds with mowing, cultivation, or herbicides
- Mow tall cover crop
|
Other pests or pest damage you may see.
- Rodents
- Branch and twig borer
- Click beetles
- Bud beetles
- Dead spurs from trunk diseases
|
| What should you be doing at this time? |
On a warm day, monitor vines and spurs for:
- Pseudoccus and vine mealybugs
- Ants associated with mealybugs and European fruit lecanium
scale
- Orange overwintering spider mites
- Cutworm
- Thrips
Keep records (example monitoring form ).
Treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
Check pheromone traps for:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix
in coastal areas
Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
|
Monitor leaf wetness. Track powdery
mildew ascospore release and mildew risk index.
Treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
|
Consider treating for phomopsis cane and leaf spot if rain continues
after budbreak. |
| Remove vines that have spring symptoms of Pierce's
disease. |
Monitor for sharpshooters:
Check sticky traps for sharpshooters:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and landscape
areas check for:
Change traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
|
Look for thrips if cold
weather persists. |
| Look for spider mites
and their natural enemies weekly on emerging
leaves. Map areas of concern for bloom monitoring. |
|
Monitor leafhoppers weekly starting
a month after budbreak or whenever first nymphs appear. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
Continue checking pheromone traps for:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix in coastal areas
Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
In southern San Joaquin Valley, deploy vine
mealybug pheromone traps around April 1 and check every two weeks.
- If males are caught or honeydew, sooty mold, or ants are found,
look for nymph/female infestations on surrounding vines.
- Keep records (example monitoring form ).
- Treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines.
|
Monitor
caterpillars if
they have been a problem in the past:
- Western grapeleaf skeletonizer
- Grape leaffolder
- Orange tortrix (in coastal vineyards)
- Omnivorous leafroller
Map areas of concern for bloom monitoring. |
| If European
fruit lecanium scale has been a problem in the
past, monitor female development on old wood. |
| Manage grey and Argentine ants if mealybugs and scale are a problem. |
Monitor for sharpshooters:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and landscape
areas check for:
Change traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
| Monitor for flagging. If you see a
flag, distinguish between Botrytis shoot blight and branch and twig
borer. |
| Monitor leaf wetness. Track powdery
mildew ascospore release and mildew risk index. Treat
if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
Survey weeds to plan
a weed management strategy.
- Control weeds that escaped a dormant season treatment, using postemergence herbicides or cultivation. Record which weeds escaped for future herbicide treatment decisions.
|
Other pests or
pest damage you may see.
- Eutypa dieback
- Phomopsis cane and leaf spot
|
| What should you be doing at this time? |
| Monitor leafhoppers
and spider mites weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). Treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
| Monitor for Botrytis and powdery
mildew by inspecting leaves and shoots. |
| If European fruit lecanium scale has
been a problem in the past, monitor for egg hatch to time treatment. |
Check pheromone traps for:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix (in coastal areas)
Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
In areas other than southern San Joaquin valley, put up vine
mealybug pheromone traps. In all areas, check traps every
two weeks.
- If males are caught or honeydew, sooty mold, or ants are found,
look for sessile nymph/female infestations on surrounding vines.
- Keep records (example monitoring form ).
- Treat
if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines.
|
Monitor Pseudococcus mealybugs by
looking for honeydew, sooty mold, and ant activity.
- Keep records (example monitoring form ).
- If you see crawlers, treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines.
|
To reduce possible summer rot, Botrytis,
and leafhoppers,
remove basal leaves or basal lateral shoots beginning around berry
set.
- Time leaf pull before first-generation grape leafhoppers become adults.
- Treat for Botrytis prior to rain, if leaves are not removed.
|
Monitor
caterpillars if they have been a problem in the past:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix
- Grape leaffolder
- Western grapeleaf skeletonizer
Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
Monitor for sharpshooters:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and landscape areas check for:
Change sticky traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
| Extra care must be taken when applying systemic herbicides, such as glyphosate near or after veraison. |
|
Other pests or pest
damage you may see.
|
| What should you be doing at this time? |
| Monitor leafhoppers and spider mites weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). Treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines.
|
Check pheromone traps for:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix in coastal areas
Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
Check vine mealybug
pheromone traps.
- If males are found, or if honeydew, sooty mold, or ant activity
is found, look for sessile nymph/female infestations on surrounding vines.
- Educate field crew to flag cluster infestations for treatment.
Treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
| Monitor grape and obscure mealybugs. Keep records (example monitoring form ). If you see crawlers, treat if needed according to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
| Monitor glassy-winged
sharpshooter. Check traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
| Look for vine symptoms of Pierce's disease. Or for viruslike symptoms of early fall color and/or poor fruit maturity. |
| If rain occurs shortly after veraison, monitor for Botrytis. |
Monitor
caterpillars if they have been a problem in the past:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix
- Grape leaffolder
- Western grapeleaf skeletonizer
Keep records (example monitoring form ). |
| Inspect roots of weakened vines for galls or phylloxera. |
| If necessary, manage birds with netting or scare devices as
fruit ripens. |
Other pests or
pest damage you may see.
- Whitefly
- European fruit lecanium scale
- Grasshoppers/katydids
- Esca
|
| What should you be doing at this time? |
| Be aware that high populations of adult leafhoppers may interfere with
hand harvesting. |
Monitor for grape, obscure, and vine
mealybugs.
- Look for cluster infestations and mark on map.
- Educate harvest crew to flag vine mealybug cluster infestations
for treatment.
- Treat vine mealybug if needed according
to Pest Management Guidelines.
|
| If you have vine mealybug, steam sanitize equipment before moving to
an uninfested area of the vineyard. |
|
For Pierce’s
disease flag vines with symptoms for removal. Also for virus symptoms. Mark vines for spring monitoring/removal depending on incidence. |
| If necessary, continue managing birds with netting or scare devices. |
|
Treat for Botrytis
prior to any anticipated rain. |
| Sample soil and roots for nematodes; look at roots for galls and phylloxera. |
| Monitor for glassy-winged
sharpshooter. Check traps weekly and keep records (example monitoring form ). |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
|
If necessary, treat for vine mealybug immediately
after harvest according
to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
| To reduce risk of transferring vine
mealybug, do not place winery pomace in the vineyard; compost pomace
or cover piles securely with clear plastic. |
|
Look for symptoms of Pierce’s
disease on vines and flag for removal. Also for virus-infected vines. |
|
Look for European fruit lecanium scales on
leaves; treat according to the Pest Management Guidelines. |
| If you desire a cover crop, seed after harvest. Cover should be planted when regular irrigation is used or rain is expected. If early rain is followed by a dry period, germinated seeds may die without further irrigation. |
| Record weeds present in the vineyard. Determine if herbicide applications are warranted. Contact herbicides may be more desirable at this time. Extra care must be taken when using systemic herbicides (glyphosate). Drift may result in damage to new foliage developing in spring. |
| Carry out sanitation activities and vine surgery for trunk diseases well before the first rain event:
|
| What should you be doing at this time? |
Carry out preventative practices for trunk diseases:
- Use delayed pruning or double pruning in February or later.
- Use applications of pruning-wound protectants after pruning and before rain in November through January.
|
In coastal areas, set out orange
tortrix pheromone traps by December.
- Check traps twice weekly
until a biofix date is established; thereafter, check traps weekly.
- Keep records (example monitoring form ).
|
|
If present, treat for Phomopsis cane and leaf spot before rainfall. |
| Sample for nematodes in
January or February. |
Carry out dormant-season sanitation activities.
- Destroy prunings of older infested wood to reduce pest sources.
- Remove dried grape clusters on vines and disc weeds and clusters
where orange tortrix or omnivorous leafroller is a problem.
- In vineyards with a history of branch and twig borers, examine
old pruning scars and dead parts of vines for brown frass and wood
dust.
- If you have vine mealybug, steam sanitize equipment before moving
to an uninfested area of the vineyard.
|
Survey weeds to plan a weed management
strategy. If herbicides are used.
- Use the late-winter
survey form to record your observations and make pre- and postemergence herbicide selection decisions.
- Remove leaves and debris under the vine before applying herbicides.
- Do not make preemergence herbicide applications if heavy rains are expected soon after application. However, applications should be made when a rain event of 0.25-0.50 inches is expected within 2-3 weeks.
- If possible, make preemergence herbicide application after dormant activities, such as pruning, are completed to reduce soil movement.
|
Pesticide application checklist |
When planning for possible pesticide applications in an IPM program, consult the Pest Management Guidelines, and review and complete this checklist to consider practices that minimize environmental and efficacy problems.
- Choose a pesticide from the UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines for the target pest considering:
- Before an application
- Ensure that spray equipment is properly calibrated to deliver the desired pesticide amount for optimal coverage.
- Use appropriate spray nozzles and pressure to minimize off-site movement of pesticides.
- Avoid spraying during these conditions to avoid off-site movement of pesticides.
- Wind speed over 5 mph
- Temperature inversions
- Just prior to rain or irrigation (unless it is an appropriate amount, such as when incorporating a soil-applied pesticide)
- At tractor speeds over 2 mph
- Identify and take special care to protect sensitive areas (for example, waterways or riparian areas) surrounding your application site.
- Review and follow labeling for pesticide handling, personal protection equipment (PPE) requirements, storage, and disposal guidelines.
- Check and follow restricted entry intervals (REI) and preharvest intervals (PHI).
- After an application
- Record application date, product used, rate, and location of application.
- Follow up to confirm that treatment was effective.
- Consider water management practices that reduce pesticide movement off-site:
- Consider management practices that reduce air quality problems.
- When possible, reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by decreasing the amount of pesticide applied, choosing low-emission management methods, and avoiding fumigants and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations.
|
For more about mitigating the effects of pesticides, see the Mitigation page
Top of page
|
