Phenology models predict timing of events in an organism's development. For many organisms which cannot internally regulate their own temperature, development is dependent on temperatures to which they are exposed in the environment.
Information in this database comes from published articles. It may be used in conjunction with field monitoring and a degree-day calculator.
Note: Before using a model that was not field tested in your location, you should test the model for one or more seasons under your conditions to verify that it will work for you.
Model 1
Hartstack, A. W., Jr., J. P. Hollingsworth, R. L. Ridgeway, and J. D. Lopez. 1976. MOTHZV-2: A computer simulation of Heliothis zea and virescens population dynamics. User manual. 1976. U.S.D.A. ARS-S-127.
- Location of study: College Station, Texas (field studies)
- Lower developmental threshold: 54.7°F (12.6°C)
- Upper developmental threshold: 91.9°F (33.3°C)
- Method of calculation: Single sine
- Cutoff method: Intermediate cutoff
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development
- Eggs: 72.9 (°F) 40.5 (°C)
- Small larvae (1st - 3rd instars): 147.1 (°F) 81.7 (°C)
- Large larvae (4 & 5th instars): 217.1 (°F) 120.6 (°C)
- Pupae: 323.1 (°F) 179.5 (°C)
- Generation time (egg to adult): 760.1 (°F) 422.3 (°C)
- Pre-egglaying adults: 112.7 (°F) 62.6 (°C)
- Generation time (adult to adult): 872.8 (°F) 484.9 (°C)
Model 2
Coop, L. B., B. A. Croft, and R. J. Drapek. 1993. Model of corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development, damage, and crop loss in sweet corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 86: 906-916.
- Location of study: Western Oregon (field and laboratory studies)
- Lower developmental threshold: 54.5°F (12.5°C)
- Method of calculation: Single Sine
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development
Host: Cotton
- Larvae: 360.0 (°F) 200.0 (°C)
Model 3
Butler, G. D., Jr. 1976. Bollworm: Development in relation to temperature and larval food. Environ. Entomol. 5: 520-522.
- Location of study: Tucson, Arizona (laboratory studies)
- Method of calculation: not specified (UC IPM recommends Single Sine)
- Cutoff method: not specified (UC IPM recommends Horizontal)
- Lower developmental threshold (Cotton): 45.8°F (7.7°C)
- Upper developmental threshold (Cotton): 93.2°F (34.0°C)
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development
Host: Cotton
- Larvae: 778.3 (°F) 432.4 (°C)
- Lower developmental threshold (Corn): 54.14°F (12.3°C)
- Upper developmental threshold (Corn): 93.2°F (34.0°C)
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development
Host: Corn
- Larvae: 491.6 (°F) 273.1 (°C)
- Lower developmental threshold (Wheat germ media): 54.86°F (12.7°C)
- Upper developmental threshold (Wheat germ media): 93.2°F (34.0°C)
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development
Host: Wheat germ media
- Larvae: 372.6 (°F) 207.0 (°C)
- Pupae: 280.8 (°F) 156.0 (°C)
