| Common name (family) | Attachment of antennae | Prothorax enlarged? | Ocelli1 | Hind tibial spines2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cicadas (Cicadidae) | in front of or between the eyes3 | no4 | three | rows of spines along the length |
| leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) | in front of or between the eyes3 | no | two or none | one or more long rows of small spines along the entire length |
| planthoppers (many) | below eyes on side of head5 | no6 | two or none | several large spines |
| spittlebugs (Cercopidae) | in front of or between the eyes3 | no | two or none | one or two spines along the length and a whorl of many terminal spines |
| treehoppers (Membracidae) | in front of or between the eyes3 | yes7 | two or none | rows of spines along the length |
Footnotes
- 1. Small beadlike or colored spots, which are light receptors on the head between or above the larger true eyes.
- 2. The tibia is usually the longest leg segment, that between the femur and the terminal tarsi (feet).
- 3. Antennae attached in front of the lowest point of the eye (as seen from the side) and between the eyes (as seen from the front).
- 4. Prothorax (area just behind the head) often prominent but does not extend over the abdomen or head.
- 5. Antennae attached below the eyes: behind the lowest point of the eye (as seen from the side) and under the eyes (as seen from the front).
- 6. Head typically has enlargements, ridges, or projections (often snoutlike) in front of the eyes.
- 7. Greatly enlarged prothorax projects backward over the abdomen (and in some species also projects forward or above), so that treehoppers appear humpbacked or resemble a thorn.
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