Note: These are not the pollinator precautionary statements on the pesticide labels. Some of the listed pesticides are not registered, or approved, for use. Make sure the pesticide use is legal and appropriate before making any application. Always follow the label and applicable laws and regulations before making any pesticide application. Follow best management practices to protect bees from pesticides.
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| Common name (Example Trade Name) | Type | MoA | Rating | Other effects on bees | Toxic to honey bee brood | Toxic to other bee species |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2,4-D (2,4-Db 200) |
Herbicide | 4 | FRAC1 FRAC11 | |||
|
2,4-D dimethylamine salt/dicamba dimethylamine salt/penoxsulam/sulfentrazone (Avenue South Broadleaf Herbicide for Turfgrass) |
Herbicide | — | ||||
|
2,4-D/MCPP/dicamba (Trimec Classic Broadleaf Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 4 | ||||
|
2,4-DB (Butyrac 200) |
Herbicide | 4 | ||||
|
abamectin (Agri-Mek) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 6 | ||||
|
abamectin (Agri-Mek) |
Insecticide | 6 | ||||
|
abamectin bait (Clinch) |
Insecticide | 6 | ||||
|
abamectin/cyantraniliprole (Minecto Pro) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 6/28 | ||||
|
abamectin/thiamethoxam (Agri-Flex) |
Insecticide | 6/4A | FRAC3 | |||
|
acephate (Orthene 75 S) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
acephate (Orthene 75 S) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
acequinocyl (Kanemite 15 SC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 20B | ||||
|
acequinocyl (Kanemite 15 SC) |
Insecticide | 20B | ||||
|
acetamiprid (Assail 70WP) |
Insecticide | 4A | FRAC3 | |||
|
acibenzolar-s-methyl (Actigard 50Wg Plant Activator) |
Fungicide | P01 | ||||
|
afidopyropen (–) |
Insecticide | 9D | ||||
|
alachlor (Lasso, Micro-Tech) |
Herbicide | 15 | Indirect | |||
|
aldicarb soil-applied granular (Temik) |
Nematicide | — | ||||
|
aldicarb soil-applied granular (Temik) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1A | ||||
|
aldicarb soil-applied granular (Temik) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
allethrin (–) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac Cs Insecticide) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRACM03 | |||
|
aluminum tris (Aliette) |
Fungicide | P07 | ||||
|
aluminum tris (Aliette) |
Bactericide | P07 | ||||
|
amorphous silica gel (–) |
Insecticide | UNM | ||||
|
ampelomyces quisqualis (AQ 10) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
atrazine (Drexel Atrazine 4L) |
Herbicide | 5 | ||||
|
aureobasidium pullulans strain dsm 14940 (Blossom Protect) |
Bactericide | NC | ||||
|
aureobasidium pullulans strain dsm 14940 (Blossom Protect) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
aureobasidium pullulans strain dsm 14941 (Blossom Protect) |
Bactericide | NC | ||||
|
aureobasidium pullulans strain dsm 14941 (Blossom Protect) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
azadirachtin/margosa oil (Debug Optimo) |
Miticide / Acaricide | — | ||||
|
azadirachtin/margosa oil (Debug Optimo) |
Fungicide | — | ||||
|
azadirachtin/margosa oil (Debug Optimo) |
Insecticide | UN/UN | ||||
|
azadirachtin/margosa oil (Debug Optimo) |
Nematicide | UN | ||||
|
azadirachtin/pyrethrins (Azera) |
Insecticide | UN/3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
azinphos-methyl (Guthion) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
azinphos-methyl (Guthion) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
azoxystrobin (Abound Flowable Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 11 | FRAC2 | |||
|
azoxystrobin/difenoconazole (Quadris Top Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 11/3 | FRAC2 IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
azoxystrobin/propiconazole (Azoxypropi) |
Fungicide | 11/3 | FRAC2 IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 IRAC28 | |||
|
bacillus sphaericus (Vectolex Fg Biological Larvicide Fine Granule) |
Insecticide | 11B | ||||
|
bacillus sphaericus/bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (–) |
Insecticide | 11B | ||||
|
bacillus subtilis mbi600 (Serifel) |
Fungicide | BM02 | ||||
|
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (Serenade Aso) |
Fungicide | BM02 | ||||
|
Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai (Agree WG) |
Insecticide | 11A | ||||
|
Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (Gnatrol Wdg Biological Larvicide) |
Insecticide | 11A | ||||
|
Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (Biobit Hp Biological Insecticide Wettable Powder) |
Insecticide | 11A | ||||
|
Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard 22WP) |
Insecticide | UNF | ||||
|
beauveria bassiana strain GHA/pyrethrins (Botanigard Maxx) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN/3A | ||||
|
beauveria bassiana strain GHA/pyrethrins (Botanigard Maxx) |
Insecticide | UNF/3A | ||||
|
benefin (Balan Df) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
benefin/trifluralin (Team 2G) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
benfluralin (Balan Df) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
bensulide (Betasan 7G) |
Herbicide | 8 | Indirect | |||
|
bentazon (Basagran) |
Herbicide | 6 | Indirect | |||
|
benzothiadiazole (Actigard) |
Fungicide | P01 | ||||
|
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
beta-cyfluthrin/imidacloprid (Leverage 360) |
Insecticide | 3A/4A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRAC1 FRACM01 | |||
|
bifenazate (Acramite-50WS) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 20D | ||||
|
bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
bifenthrin/imidacloprid (Brigadier Insecticide) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A/4A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRAC1 FRACM01 | |||
|
bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) |
Insecticide | 3A/3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
bifenthrin/zeta-cypermethrin (Hero EW) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A/3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
boric acid bait liquid (Gourmet Liquid Ant Bait) |
Insecticide | 8D | ||||
|
boscalid (Endura Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 7 | IRAC4A | |||
|
boscalid/pyraclostrobin (Pristine Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 7/11 | FRAC2 IRAC4A IRAC1B | |||
|
bromacil (Hyvar X Crop Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
bromoxynil (Moxy 2E) |
Herbicide | 6 | ||||
|
buprofezin (Applaud) |
Insecticide | 16 | ||||
|
buprofezin/flubendiamide (Tourismo) |
Insecticide | 16/28 | ||||
|
burkholderia rinojensis a 396 (nrrl b-50319) (Majestene) |
Insecticide | UNB | ||||
|
burkholderia rinojensis a 396 (nrrl b-50319) (Majestene) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UNB | ||||
|
burkholderia rinojensis a 396 (nrrl b-50319) (Majestene) |
Nematicide | UN | ||||
|
burkholderia spp. strain a396 cells and fermentation media (Venerate) |
Insecticide | UNB | ||||
|
cacodylic acid (–) |
Herbicide | NC | ||||
|
calcium oxytetracycline (Mycoshield) |
Bactericide | 41 | ||||
|
calcium polysulfide (Lime Sulfur Ultra) |
Bactericide | M02 | ||||
|
calcium polysulfide (Lime Sulfur Ultra) |
Fungicide | M02 | ||||
|
calcium polysulfide (Lime Sulfur Ultra) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
calcium polysulfide (Lime Sulfur Ultra) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
capsicum oleoresin (Capsaicin) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
capsicum oleoresin (Capsaicin) |
Vertebrate control | — | ||||
|
captan (Captan 4L) |
Fungicide | M04 | ||||
|
carbaryl (Sevin 4F) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1A | ||||
|
carbaryl (Sevin 4F) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
carbaryl bait (Sevin 5 Bait) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
carbofuran (Furadan) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1A | ||||
|
carbofuran (Furadan) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
carfentrazone (Shark Ew) |
Herbicide | 14 | Indirect | |||
|
chenopodium ambrosioides (–) |
Insecticide | UNE | ||||
|
chitosan (Armour-Zen) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
chitosan (Armour-Zen) |
Growth regulator | — | ||||
|
chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) |
Insecticide | 28 | FRAC3 FRAC2 | |||
|
chlorantraniliprole/thiamethoxam (Durivo) |
Insecticide | 28/4A | FRAC3 FRAC2 | |||
|
chlorfenapyr (Phantom Termiticide-Insecticide) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 13 | ||||
|
chlorfenapyr (Phantom Termiticide-Insecticide) |
Insecticide | 13 | ||||
|
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik) |
Fungicide | M05 | IRAC3A IRAC4A FRAC1 | |||
|
chlorothalonil/fludioxonil/propiconazole (Instrata) |
Fungicide | M05/12/3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 IRAC28 | |||
|
chlorpyrifos (Insecta) |
Insecticide | 1B | FRAC3 FRAC7 FRAC11 | |||
|
chlorpyrifos (Insecta) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | FRAC3 FRAC7 FRAC11 | |||
|
chlorsulfuron (Telar Xp Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
chromobacterium subtsugae strain praa4-1 (Grandevo) |
Insecticide | UNB | ||||
|
cinnamaldehyde (Cinnacure A3005) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
cinnamaldehyde (Cinnacure A3005) |
Fungicide | BM03 | ||||
|
cinnamaldehyde (Cinnacure A3005) |
Insecticide | UNE | ||||
|
clethodim (Envoy Plus Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 1 | Indirect | |||
|
clofentezine (Apollo SC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 10A | ||||
|
clothianidin (Belay) |
Insecticide | 4A | FRAC3 | |||
|
clove oil (Matratec) |
Herbicide | NC | ||||
|
clove oil (Matratec) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
copper hydroxide (Champ Wg) |
Bactericide | M01 | ||||
|
copper hydroxide (Champ Wg) |
Fungicide | M01 | ||||
|
copper oxide (OUS) (Ag Copp 75) |
Bactericide | NC | ||||
|
copper oxide (OUS) (Ag Copp 75) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
copper oxychloride (Coc Wp) |
Bactericide | M01 | IRAC4A | |||
|
copper oxychloride (Coc Wp) |
Fungicide | M01 | IRAC4A | |||
|
copper sulfate/lime (Bordeaux) |
Fungicide | M01/NC | ||||
|
copper sulfate/lime (Bordeaux) |
Bactericide | UN | ||||
|
cottonseed oil/clove oil/garlic oil (GC-Mite) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
cottonseed oil/clove oil/garlic oil (GC-Mite) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN/UN/UN | ||||
|
cryolite (Kryocide) |
Insecticide | 8C | ||||
|
cyanazine (Bladex) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
cyantraniliprole (Exirel) |
Insecticide | 28 | ||||
|
cyazofamid (Ranman 400 Sc Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 21 | ||||
|
cydia pomonella granulosis virus (Cyd-X) |
Insecticide | 31 | ||||
|
cydia pomonella granulovirus (Cyd-X Hp) |
Insecticide | 31 | ||||
|
cyflufenamid (Torino Fungicide) |
Fungicide | U6 | ||||
|
cyflumetofen (Nealta) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 25A | ||||
|
cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
cymoxanil (Curzate 60Df) |
Fungicide | 27 | ||||
|
cypermethrin (Cyper Tc Insecticide) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
cypermethrin (Cyper Tc Insecticide) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
cyprodinil (Vangard Wg) |
Fungicide | 9 | IRAC4A | |||
|
cyprodinil/fludioxonil (Switch 62.5Wg) |
Fungicide | 9/12 | IRAC4A | |||
|
cyromazine (Trigard) |
Insecticide | 17 | ||||
|
d-limonene (Orange Guard Ornamental Plants Concentrate) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
d-limonene (Orange Guard Ornamental Plants Concentrate) |
Insecticide | UN | Indirect | |||
|
dazomet (Basamid g) |
Fungicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
dazomet (Basamid g) |
Herbicide | 26 | Indirect | |||
|
dazomet (Basamid g) |
Nematicide | — | Indirect | |||
|
DCPA (Dacthal Flowable Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
deltamethrin (Deltagard Insecticide) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRAC1 | |||
|
diatomaceous earth (Diatomaceous Earth Crawling Insect Killer) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
diazinon (Diazinon AG500) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
diazinon soil (–) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
dicamba (Banvel Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 4 | Indirect | |||
|
dichlobenil (Casoron 4G) |
Herbicide | 20 | Indirect | |||
|
dichlorprop (Butyrac 200) |
Herbicide | 4 | ||||
|
diclofop-methyl (Hoelon) |
Herbicide | 1 | Indirect | |||
|
dicloran (Botran 5F) |
Fungicide | 14 | ||||
|
dicofol (Dicofol) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | Insecticide | |||
|
difenoconazole (Dividend) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
difenoconazole/fludioxonil/mefenoxam/sedaxane (Vibrance Quattro) |
Fungicide | 3/4/12/7 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
difenoconazole/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-m/sedaxane/thiamethoxam (Cruiser Vibrance Quattro) |
Fungicide | 3/12/4/7/4A | FRAC3 IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
difenoconazole/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-m/sedaxane/thiamethoxam (Cruiser Vibrance Quattro) |
Insecticide | 3/12/4/7/4A | FRAC3 IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
difenoconazole/mefenoxam/sedaxane (Vibrance Extreme) |
Fungicide | 3/4/7 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
diflubenzuron (Dimilin Sc) |
Insecticide | 15 | FRAC3 | |||
|
diflufenzopyr (Distinct) |
Herbicide | 19 | Indirect | |||
|
dimethoate (Dimate 4E) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
dimethoate (Dimate 4E) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
dimethomorph (Stature Sc Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 40 | ||||
|
dinotefuran (Venom) |
Insecticide | 4A | FRAC3 | |||
|
diquat (Reward Landscape and Aquatic Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 22 | Indirect | |||
|
disodium methyl arsenate (DSMA) (–) |
Herbicide | 28 | ||||
|
disodium octaborate tetrahydrate bait liquid (Gourmet Liquid Ant Bait) |
Insecticide | 8D | ||||
|
disulfoton (Di-Syston) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
disulfoton (Di-Syston) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
dithiopyr (Dimension 2Ew) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
diuron (Direx 4L) |
Herbicide | 7 | Indirect | |||
|
dodine (Syllit 65Wg) |
Fungicide | U12 | ||||
|
emamectin benzoate (Proclaim) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 6 | ||||
|
emamectin benzoate (Proclaim) |
Insecticide | 6 | ||||
|
endosulfan (Thionex 3EC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 2A | ||||
|
endosulfan (Thionex 3EC) |
Insecticide | 2A | ||||
|
endothall (Accelerate) |
Growth regulator | — | ||||
|
EPTC (Eptam 7E) |
Herbicide | 8 | ||||
|
esfenvalerate (Asana XL) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
esfenvalerate (Asana XL) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
ethephon (Ethephon 6) |
Growth regulator | UN | ||||
|
ethofumesate (Nortron Sc Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 8 | Indirect | |||
|
ethoprop (Mocap 15% Granular) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (Eptam) |
Herbicide | 8 | ||||
|
etoxazole (Zeal) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 10B | ||||
|
famoxadone (–) |
Fungicide | 11 | ||||
|
famoxadone/cymoxanil (Tanos) |
Fungicide | 11/27 | ||||
|
fenamidone (Reason 500 Sc Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 11 | ||||
|
fenarimol (Rubigan) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
fenazaquin (Magister SC) |
Insecticide | 21A | ||||
|
fenazaquin (Magister SC) |
Fungicide | 39 | ||||
|
fenbuconazole (Indar 2F) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 12B | ||||
|
fenhexamid (Elevate 50 Wdg Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 17 | ||||
|
fenoxaprop (Beam) |
Herbicide | 1 | Indirect | |||
|
fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRAC11 | |||
|
fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRAC11 | |||
|
fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 21A | ||||
|
fenpyroximate (FujiMite SC) |
Insecticide | 21A | ||||
|
ferric phosphate (Sluggo) |
Molluscicide | UN | ||||
|
ferric phosphate bait (Sluggo) |
Molluscicide | UN | ||||
|
ferric sodium EDTA bait (Ferroxx) |
Molluscicide | UN | ||||
|
fipronil (–) |
Insecticide | 2B | ||||
|
fipronil bait gel (Clinch) |
Insecticide | 2B | ||||
|
flazasulfuron (Mission) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
flonicamid (Beleaf 50 SG) |
Insecticide | 29 | ||||
|
fluazifop (Fusilade Dx Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 1 | Indirect | |||
|
flubendiamide (Belt,Synapse) |
Insecticide | 28 | ||||
|
fludioxonil (Scholar Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 12 | ||||
|
fludioxonil/propiconazole (Chairman) |
Fungicide | 12/3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 IRAC28 | |||
|
flumioxazin (Chateau Herbicide Sw) |
Herbicide | 14 | Indirect | |||
|
fluopicolide (Presidio Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 43 | ||||
|
fluopyram (Velum One) |
Nematicide | — | FRAC3 FRAC11 | |||
|
fluopyram (Velum One) |
Fungicide | 7 | FRAC3 FRAC11 | |||
|
fluopyram/tebuconazole (Luna Experience) |
Fungicide | 7/3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
fluopyram/trifloxystrobin (Luna Sensation) |
Fungicide | 7/11 | ||||
|
flupyradifurone (Sivanto Prime) |
Insecticide | 4D | FRAC3 | |||
|
flutolanil (Prostar 70 Wg Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 7 | ||||
|
flutriafol (Rhyme Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
fluxapyroxad (Xzemplar Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 7 | ||||
|
fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin (Merivon Xemium Brand Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 7/11 | IRAC3A IRAC21A | |||
|
foramsulfuron (Derigo Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | ||||
|
formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol SP) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1A | ||||
|
formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol SP) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
fosetyl-al (Aliette) |
Bactericide | P07 | ||||
|
fosetyl-al (Aliette) |
Fungicide | P07 | ||||
|
gaba/l-glutamic acid (AuxiGro) |
Fungicide | UN | ||||
|
gaba/l-glutamic acid (AuxiGro) |
Growth regulator | UN | ||||
|
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare Insecticide) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
glufosinate-ammonium (Finale Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 10 | Indirect | |||
|
glyphosate (Roundup Promax Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 9 | ||||
|
glyphosate isopropylamine salt/nonanoic acid (Roundup Precision Gel Weed & Grass Killer) |
Herbicide | 9 | ||||
|
halosulfuron (Sandea Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
halosulfuron-methyl/propanil (RiceEdge 60DF) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
HALOSULFURON/DICAMBA (Yukon Herbicide) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
harpin protein (Employ) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
hexazinone (Velpar Alfamax) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
hexythiazox (Onager) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 10A | ||||
|
horticultural oil (–) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
horticultural oil (–) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
horticultural oil (–) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
imazalil (Fungaflor 500 Ec) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
imazamox (Raptor Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
imazapyr (Arsenal Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
imazethapyr (Pursuit Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
imazosulfuron (Celero Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
imidacloprid bait liquid (Maxforce Quantum Ant Bait) |
Insecticide | 4A | ||||
|
imidacloprid (Admire Pro) |
Insecticide | 4A | ||||
|
indaziflam (Alion Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 29 | Indirect | |||
|
indoxacarb (Avaunt ) |
Insecticide | 22A | ||||
|
insecticidal soap (potassium laurate) (M-Pede) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
insecticidal soap (potassium laurate) (M-Pede) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
iprodione (Rovral Brand 4 Flowable Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 2 | IRAC28 | |||
|
iron phosphate bait (Sluggo) |
Molluscicide | UN | ||||
|
iron phosphate/spinosad bait (Bug-N-Sluggo) |
Insecticide | UN/5 | ||||
|
iron phosphate/spinosad bait (Bug-N-Sluggo) |
Molluscicide | UN | ||||
|
Isaria Fumosorosea Apopka Strain :97 (–) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
isofetamid (Kenja 400Sc Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 7 | ||||
|
isoxaben (Trellis) |
Herbicide | 21 | Indirect | |||
|
kaolin clay (Surround WP Ag) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
kaolin clay (Surround WP Ag) |
Insecticide | UNM | ||||
|
kresoxim-methyl (Sovran Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 11 | ||||
|
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRACM03 FRAC1 | |||
|
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRACM03 FRAC1 | |||
|
lime sulfur (Lime Sulfur Solution) |
Fungicide | M02 | ||||
|
lime sulfur (Lime Sulfur Solution) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
lime sulfur (Lime Sulfur Solution) |
Bactericide | M02 | ||||
|
lime sulfur (Lime Sulfur Solution) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
linuron (Linex 4L Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 7 | Indirect | |||
|
malathion (Malathion 8-E) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
malathion (Malathion 8-E) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
maleic hydrazide (Drexel Sprout-Stop) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
maleic hydrazide (Drexel Sprout-Stop) |
Growth regulator | — | Indirect | |||
|
mancozeb (Dithane M-45) |
Fungicide | M03 | IRAC3A | |||
|
mandipropamid (Revus) |
Fungicide | 40 | ||||
|
maneb (Maneb) |
Fungicide | M03 | ||||
|
margosa oil (Ecoworks Ec) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
margosa oil (Ecoworks Ec) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
margosa oil (Ecoworks Ec) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
margosa oil (Ecoworks Ec) |
Nematicide | — | ||||
|
MCPA (Mcpa Amine 4) |
Herbicide | 4 | ||||
|
mecoprop (Mecomec 4 Turf Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 4 | Indirect | |||
|
mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold Copper) |
Fungicide | 4 | ||||
|
metaflumizone (Altrevin) |
Insecticide | 22B | ||||
|
metaflumizone bait (Altrevin) |
Insecticide | 22B | ||||
|
metalaxyl (Apron Xl) |
Fungicide | 4 | ||||
|
metam-sodium (Vapam HL) |
Fungicide | M03 | Indirect | |||
|
metam-sodium (Vapam HL) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
metam-sodium (Vapam HL) |
Nematicide | — | Indirect | |||
|
metarhizium anisopliae (Met 52) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
metarhizium robertsii strain f52 (Lalguard M52 Gr) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
metconazole (Quash Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
methamidophos (Monitor) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
methamidophos (Monitor) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
methidathion (Supracide 25WP) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
methidathion (Supracide 25WP) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
methomyl (Lannate LV) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1A | ||||
|
methomyl (Lannate LV) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
methoprene bait (Extinguish Professional) |
Insecticide | 7A | ||||
|
methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F) |
Insecticide | 18 | IRAC5 | |||
|
methyl parathion (Penncap-M) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
metolachlor (Dual Magnum Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 15 | Indirect | |||
|
metrafenone (Vivando Fungicide) |
Fungicide | U8 | ||||
|
metribuzin (Metribuzin 75) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
milbemectin (–) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 6 | ||||
|
mineral oil (JMS Stylet-Oil) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
mineral oil (JMS Stylet-Oil) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
mineral oil (JMS Stylet-Oil) |
Insecticide | UNM | ||||
|
monosodium methanearsonate acid (–) |
Herbicide | NC | ||||
|
MSMA (Target 6 Plus) |
Herbicide | NC | ||||
|
myclobutanil (Rally 40Wsp) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
naled (Dibrom Concentrate) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
naled (Dibrom Concentrate) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
napropamide (Devrinol 2-Xt Selective Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 15 | Indirect | |||
|
narrow range oil (–) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
narrow range oil (–) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
narrow range oil (–) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
neem oil (Trilogy) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
neem oil (Trilogy) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
neem oil (Trilogy) |
Insecticide | UNE | ||||
|
norflurazon (Solicam Df Agricultural Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 12 | Indirect | |||
|
Nosema locustae bait (Nolo Bait Biological Insecticide) |
Insecticide | UNB | ||||
|
novaluron (Diamond) |
Insecticide | 15 | FRAC3 | |||
|
oryzalin (Oryzalin Coated Granules) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
oryzalin/oxyfluorfen (Rout Ornamental Herbicide) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
oxadiazon (Ronstar Flo Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 14 | Indirect | |||
|
oxamyl (Vydate L) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1A | ||||
|
oxamyl (Vydate L) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox-R, MSR) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox-R, MSR) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
oxyfluorfen (Goaltender Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 14 | Indirect | |||
|
paclobutrazol (Travek 2 Sc) |
Growth regulator | UN | ||||
|
paecilomyces fumosoroseus apopka strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
paranosema locustae bait (Nolo Bait Biological Insecticide) |
Insecticide | UNB | ||||
|
paraquat dichloride (Gramoxone Sl 3.0) |
Herbicide | 22 | ||||
|
pcnb (Terraclor 400) |
Fungicide | 14 | ||||
|
pebulate (Tillam) |
Herbicide | 8 | Indirect | |||
|
pelargonic acid (Scythe Herbicide) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
pendimethalin (Pendulum 2G Granule Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
penoxsulam (Pindar) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
penoxsulam/oxyfluorfen (Pindar Gt) |
Herbicide | NC | Indirect | |||
|
penthiopyrad (Fontelis) |
Fungicide | 7 | ||||
|
permethrin (Ambush 25W) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
permethrin (Ambush 25W) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
permethrin bait (Permethrin Cutworm Bait) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
phenmedipham (Spin Aid Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
phorate (Thimet 20-G SmartBox) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
phorate soil-applied granular (Thimet 20-G SmartBox) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
phosmet (Imidan 70-W) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 1B | ||||
|
phosmet (Imidan 70-W) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
phosphorous acid (Fosphite Fungicide) |
Fungicide | P07 | ||||
|
piperalin (Pipron Liquid Concentrate) |
Fungicide | 5 | ||||
|
piperonyl butoxide (Butacide Pbo) |
Insecticide | UN | FRAC3 IRAC3A IRAC4A | |||
|
pirimicarb (–) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
Polyhedral Occlusion Bodies (OBS') of Helicoverpa Zea (Corn Earworm) Nucleopolyhedrovirus Strain: ABA-NPV-U (Gemstar LC) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
polyoxin d, zinc salt (Ph-D Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 19 | ||||
|
polyoxin d, zinc salt (Ph-D Fungicide) |
Bactericide | 19 | ||||
|
potassium bicarbonate (Kaligreen) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
potassium phosphite (phosphonic acid) (Towerbrom 991) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
potassium phosphite (phosphonic acid) (Towerbrom 991) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
potassium phosphite/tebuconazole (Lbg-61) |
Fungicide | M03/3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
prodiamine (Barricade 4Fl) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
profenofos (Curacron) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
prometon (Pramitol Mg25e) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
prometryn (Caparol 4L) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
propanil (Duet Dual-Action Adulticide) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
propargite (Omite-30WS) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 12C | Insecticide | |||
|
prophenofos (Curacron) |
Insecticide | 1B | ||||
|
propiconazole (Bumper) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 IRAC28 | |||
|
propyleneglycol monolaurate (–) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
pymetrozine (Fulfill) |
Insecticide | 9B | ||||
|
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio Eg Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 11 | IRAC3A IRAC21A | |||
|
pyraflufen (Venue Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 14 | Indirect | |||
|
pyrazon (Pyramin) |
Herbicide | 5 | Indirect | |||
|
pyrethrin/piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone) |
Insecticide | 3A/UN | FRAC3 FRACM05 IRAC4A | |||
|
pyrethrin/rotenone (Pyrellin) |
Insecticide | 3A/21B | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
pyrethrins (PyGanic EC 1.4 II) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
pyridaben (Nexter) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 21A | ||||
|
pyridaben (Nexter) |
Insecticide | 21A | ||||
|
pyridaben/sulfur (Desperado) |
Fungicide | UN | ||||
|
pyridaben/sulfur (Desperado) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 21/UN | ||||
|
pyridaben/sulfur (Desperado) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
pyrimethanil (Scala Brand Sc Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 9 | ||||
|
pyrimethanil/trifloxystrobin (Distinguish) |
Fungicide | 9/11 | ||||
|
pyriproxyfen (Esteem Ant Bait) |
Insecticide | 7C | ||||
|
pyriproxyfen bait (Esteem Ant Bait) |
Insecticide | 7C | ||||
|
pyrithiobac (Staple) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
PYRITHIOBAC SODIUM (Staple) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
quinclorac (Drive Xlr8 Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 4 | Indirect | |||
|
quinoxyfen (Promex Cm14) |
Fungicide | 13 | ||||
|
quintozene (Autilus) |
Fungicide | 14 | ||||
|
resmethrin (–) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia) |
Bactericide | P05 | ||||
|
reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia) |
Fungicide | P05 | ||||
|
rimsulfuron (Matrix Sg) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
rosemary oil (Hexacide) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
rosemary oil (Hexacide) |
Insecticide | UNE | ||||
|
rosemary/peppermint oils (Ecotrol EC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
rosemary/peppermint oils (Ecotrol EC) |
Insecticide | UN/UN | ||||
|
rotenone (Cft Legumine) |
Insecticide | 21B | ||||
|
rotenone (Cft Legumine) |
Piscicide | — | ||||
|
s-methoprene bait (Tango) |
Insecticide | 7A | ||||
|
s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 15 | Indirect | |||
|
sabadilla alkaloids (Veratran D) |
Insecticide | UNE | ||||
|
saflufenacil (Treevix Powered by Kixor Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 14 | Indirect | |||
|
sedaxane (Vibrance) |
Fungicide | 7 | ||||
|
sethoxydim (Poast Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 1 | ||||
|
siduron (Tupersan) |
Herbicide | 7 | Indirect | |||
|
simazine (Princep 4L) |
Herbicide | 5 | ||||
|
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Borax Manufacturing Grade) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Borax Manufacturing Grade) |
Insecticide | 8D | ||||
|
sodium tetrathiocarbonate (Enzone) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
sodium tetrathiocarbonate (Enzone) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
sodium tetrathiocarbonate (Enzone) |
Nematicide | UN | ||||
|
spinetoram (Delegate WG) |
Insecticide | 5 | IRAC18 | |||
|
spinosad (Success) |
Insecticide | 5 | IRAC18 | |||
|
spinosad bait (Seduce) |
Insecticide | 5 | IRAC18 | |||
|
spinosad bait liquid spray (GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait) |
Insecticide | 5 | IRAC18 | |||
|
spirodiclofen (Envidor CA) |
Insecticide | 23 | ||||
|
spirodiclofen (Envidor CA) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 23 | ||||
|
spiromesifen (Oberon 2 SC) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 23 | ||||
|
spiromesifen (Oberon 2 SC) |
Insecticide | 23 | ||||
|
spirotetramat (Movento) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 23 | ||||
|
spirotetramat (Movento) |
Insecticide | 23 | ||||
|
streptomyces lydicus wyec 108 (Actinovate Ag) |
Bactericide | NC | ||||
|
streptomyces lydicus wyec 108 (Actinovate Ag) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
streptomycin (Agri-Mycin 17) |
Bactericide | 25 | ||||
|
streptomycin (Agri-Mycin 17) |
Fungicide | 25 | ||||
|
sucrose octanoate (–) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
sucrose octanoate (–) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
sulfentrazone (Zeus Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 14 | Indirect | |||
|
sulfometuron-methyl (Oust Xp Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
sulfoxaflor (Sulfoxaflor Technical) |
Insecticide | 4C | ||||
|
sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) |
Fungicide | M02 | ||||
|
sulfur (Microthiol Disperss) |
Insecticide | UN | ||||
|
tau-fluvalinate (Mavrik Aquaflow Insecticide/miticide) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 FRAC7 FRAC11 | |||
|
tebuconazole (Elite 45 WP Foliar Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
tebufenozide (Confirm 2F) |
Insecticide | 18 | IRAC5 | |||
|
tetraconazole (Mettle 125 Me) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
thiabendazole (Mertect 340-F) |
Fungicide | 1 | ||||
|
thiacloprid (Calypso 4) |
Insecticide | 4A | FRAC3 FRAC9 | |||
|
thiamethoxam (Actara) |
Insecticide | 4A | FRAC3 | |||
|
thiazopyr (Visor S-Moc Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
thiodicarb (Larvin 3.2) |
Insecticide | 1A | ||||
|
thiophanate-methyl (Topsin 4.5Fl Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 1 | FRACM05 IRAC3A IRAC4A | |||
|
thiram (Thiram 480 Dp) |
Fungicide | M03 | ||||
|
thyme oil/methyl salicylate/wintergreen oil (Proud 3) |
Fungicide | UN | ||||
|
thyme oil/methyl salicylate/wintergreen oil (Proud 3) |
Miticide / Acaricide | UN | ||||
|
thyme oil/methyl salicylate/wintergreen oil (Proud 3) |
Insecticide | UN/UN/UN | ||||
|
tolfenpyrad (Hachi - Hachi Sc Insecticide) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 21A | ||||
|
tolfenpyrad (Hachi - Hachi Sc Insecticide) |
Insecticide | 21A | ||||
|
tolfenpyrad (Hachi - Hachi Sc Insecticide) |
Fungicide | 39 | ||||
|
triadimefon (Bayleton 50 Turf and Ornamental Fungicide in Water Soluble Packets) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
triadimenol (Baytan 30 Flowable Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
tribasic copper sulfate (Cocs Copodust) |
Bactericide | NC | ||||
|
tribasic copper sulfate (Cocs Copodust) |
Fungicide | NC | ||||
|
trichoderma asperellum strain icc 012/trichoderma gamsii strain icc 080 (Bio-Tam 2.0) |
Fungicide | BM02/BM02 | ||||
|
trichoderma asperellum/trichoderma gamsii (Bio-Tam 2.0) |
Fungicide | BM02/BM02 | ||||
|
trichoderma harzianum rifai strain krl-ag2 (Rootshield Granules Biological Fungicide) |
Fungicide | BM02 | ||||
|
trichoderma harzinum rifai strain KRL-AG2 (also known as strain T-22) (–) |
Fungicide | BM02 | ||||
|
trifloxystrobin (Flint Fungicide) |
Fungicide | 11 | ||||
|
triflumizole (Procure 480Sc) |
Fungicide | 3 | IRAC3A IRAC4A IRAC4D IRAC15 | |||
|
trifluralin (Treflan Hfp) |
Herbicide | 3 | Indirect | |||
|
triflusulfuron methyl (Upbeet Herbicide) |
Herbicide | 2 | Indirect | |||
|
vinclozolin (Ronilan) |
Fungicide | 2 | ||||
|
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) |
Insecticide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) |
Miticide / Acaricide | 3A | FRAC3 FRACM05 | |||
|
ziram (Ziram 76Df Fungicide) |
Fungicide | M03 |
Legend
Symbols Legend
Evidence of this effect exists
No evidence of this effect exists
Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering including weeds. Do not
allow pesticide to contaminate water accessible to bees including puddles.
Do not apply or allow to drift to plants that are flowering including weeds, except
when the application is made between sunset and midnight if allowed by the pesticide label and regulations. Do
not allow pesticide to contaminate water accessible to bees including puddles.
No bee precaution, except when required by the pesticide label or regulations.
Pesticide Type and Mode of Action (MoA)
Pesticide modes of action are assigned by the respective resistance action committees:
FRAC
Fungicide Resistance Action Committee mode-of-action codes for bactericides and fungicides.
IRAC
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee mode-of-action codes for acaricides, insecticides, nematicides, and molluscicides.
WSSA
Weed Science Society of America mode-of-action codes for herbicides and plant growth regulators.
Mode-of-action code presentation style
/
The separator between common names (active ingredients), and between their mode-of-action codes, when two or more pesticides are combined in the same trade name product. For example, the premix of beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid is presented as the common name beta-cyfluthrin/imidacloprid and as mode-of-action 3A/4A.
Other Effects
Indirect
Herbicides primarily harm bees indirectly, by reducing the availability of flowering plants that produce nectar, pollen, and bee nesting material. Most herbicides are not toxic to bees, according to the available information.
Mode-of-action code
Tank mixing with a pesticide from this mode-of-action group may increase toxicity to bees. For example, if FRAC3 is listed, combining the active ingredient with DMI fungicide in FRAC group 3 (such as propiconazole, tebuconazole, or triflumizole) may increase toxicity to bees.
Insecticide
If mixed with insecticides; may increase toxicity to bees.
Coordinator
Samantha Conselman, UC IPM, Davis
Authors
Steve H. Dreistadt, UC IPM, Davis
Louisa Hooven, Oregon State University
Erik Johansen, Washington State Department of Agriculture
Timothy Lawrence, Washington State University
Eric C. Mussen, Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis
Elina L. Niño, Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis
Benjamin Phillips, Michigan State University
Ramesh Sagili, Oregon State University
Lucia G. Varela, UC IPM, UC Cooperative Extension, Sonoma County
Louisa Hooven, Oregon State University
Erik Johansen, Washington State Department of Agriculture
Timothy Lawrence, Washington State University
Eric C. Mussen, Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis
Elina L. Niño, Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis
Benjamin Phillips, Michigan State University
Ramesh Sagili, Oregon State University
Lucia G. Varela, UC IPM, UC Cooperative Extension, Sonoma County
Acknowledgements
Richard S. Cowles, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
Brad Hanson, Plant Sciences, UC Davis
Reed M. Johnson, Ohio State University
Amber Vinchesi-Vahl, UC Cooperative Extension
Cheryl A. Wilen, UC IPM, UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego County
Partially funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U. S. Department of Agriculture Crop Protection and Pest Management Competitive Grants Program.
Brad Hanson, Plant Sciences, UC Davis
Reed M. Johnson, Ohio State University
Amber Vinchesi-Vahl, UC Cooperative Extension
Cheryl A. Wilen, UC IPM, UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego County
Partially funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U. S. Department of Agriculture Crop Protection and Pest Management Competitive Grants Program.
